Why I Hate Group Projects - 1654 Words

Why I Hate Group Projects: A Memoire At this point in my educational career, I now possess a clear conversance of what my strengths and weaknesses are when it comes to successfully completing my courses. Though I believe myself to be a generally pleasant person and have never been one to shy away from social interactions—well, most of the time—working in a group, regardless of what the project may entail, has never been a skill set I embody for a plethora of reasons. Though it was no less than expected, being that the course’s title includes the words â€Å"Social Relationships and Groups,† I was truthfully more than a little disappointed to see our syllabus outline an upcoming group project and immediately started dreading the inevitable. That being said, I want to clarify that my distaste for working in groups is limited only to class assignments on which a substantial part of my grade depends. Past experiences (stretching far back from my middle and high school years to now entering my fourth year in university), however, aide to prove that for me, relying on others for my own academic success—however slight that dependence maybe and regardless of my relation to the one person or overall group—has never quite panned out agreeably in the end. Taking this into account, I solemnly decided to face this project with an open-mind and disassociate myself from preexisting prejudice towards group projects, which ultimately allowed for a slightly more pleasant experience than I firstShow MoreRelatedConservatism, By Moises Kaufman And The Tectonic Theater Project1722 Words   |  7 Pageswho oppose it to preserve a detestable status quo. The play The Laramie Project by Moises Kaufman and the Tectonic Theater Pro ject introduces some of those people who live in the quiet town of Laramie, Wyoming. It has been 18 years since the brutal murder of Matthew Shepard, a gay resident of Laramie. After that tragedy, has anything changed? One answer comes from Laramie resident Rebecca Hilliker who states in The Laramie Project: Ten Years Later by Moises Kaufman that, â€Å"On the surface things haveRead MoreLgbt Original Oratory.974 Words   |  4 PagesI can walk through the halls of my school and get shot dirty looks, pushed, shoved, and cussed at. You would think that I had done something personally to them, but its only one thing. The fact I am a lesbian. Unfortunately, this is the reality for me, and thousands of other teens across the United States. The only reason why they are isolated, beaten, and rejected as a whole, is because Sally likes Jane, and Jessie just wants to be Jessica. The bullying of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgenderRead MoreGeorge Orwell s Nineteen Eighty Four1651 Words   |  7 PagesPreface I was learning about different types of governments in World Geography class and I was particularly interested with this topic. 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Positive Influences Of Sport Participation - 770 Words

Bradley, Keane and Crawford proved the positive influences of sport participation in 402 Irish secondary school students on the Leaving Certificate. The no sport group, forming the control group, compared to the soccer and rugby team had slightly lower test scores in the Leaving Certificate, whereas the only individual sport, rowing, was significantly higher then the other two groups (Bradley, et al., 2013). In this study, rowing, as the only individual sport tested, proved higher test results, which is not to be forgotten that there exist limitations in the study such as no comparison to another individual sport, the no comparison to another school, and the relatively small number of rowers on a team. It is interesting to see that the kind of sport makes a difference of the academic performance (Bradley, et al., 2013). There has been years, where the scores of the rowing team were pretty low but compared to either one of these other 3 sports they were still on top (Bradley, et al., 2013). Especially in individual sports, athletes score high in conscientiousness and autonomy, which are seen as key indicators for athletes (Bradley, et al., 2013). This is equivalent to the key factors for high achievers, which consist of high levels in conscientiousness and extraversion (Colquitt Simmering, 1998 in Bradley, et al., 2013). Greater motivation to learn has been shown in high conscientious individuals, which are characterized as more reliable, self-disciplined, and perseveringShow MoreRelatedThe Positive Impact Of The Social Influence Of Sports1486 Words   |  6 PagesSince the beginning of time sport has had a great importance. It is good for health and fitness, it is great fun and p astime and is great for learning how to win and dealing with the loss. 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Consumer Law of Malaysia Trading Country †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Whether trade should not superseded consumer rights? Answer: In Malaysia, consumer holds an important place. The term consumer has been defined under section 3 of the Consumer Protection Act 1999 as a person who buys certain goods for his personal or other use[1]. Under the Malaysian law, consumers have accrued certain rights by which they are able to secure their interest as against any coercion or undue influence made by traders or manufacturer. Malaysia is a trading country. The economy of Malaysia has reached its highest peak due to the tremendous growth in the sector of trade and commerce[2]. The marketing environment of Malaysia has become more competitive as the traders are intended to gain profits and the consumers become confused regarding this. It becomes necessary to let the consumer well informed about their rights mentioned under the Consumer protection Act. The increased growth in Malaysia had given birth to unfair trade practice. The traders are mainly misleading the consumers to earn profit by providing them defective products. Traders are not maintaining the standard of the goods and they used cheap material regarding the manufacture of goods. These steps are against the consumer policy. In this way, the trade practice in Malaysia has affected the consumer rights[3]. It has been stated that the economy of Malaysia is mainly based on the trade and commerce[4]. The term has been defined under section 3 of the Consumer Protection act 1999. With the huge growth in the trading sector, certain unfair trade practices have been taken place. The main aim of the Consumer Act is to protect the interest of the consumers[5]. There are a number of cases, where it has been observed that the consumers of Malaysia are in a great dilemma regarding the product sold in the continent. The ultimate motto of the trade practice is to gain profit. Therefore, if the trade supersede the consumer rights, the interest of the consumers will be affected as the traders will deceive the consumers to feather their own nest. The word supersede means something replaced by a new thing for the development of the economy. Trading is the main economic backbone of Malaysia and for the development of the financial sector regarding the issue, it is important to enact certain treaties with the other countries to enhance the business relation. In Malaysia, there is a Fair Trade Agreement enacted to deal with the situation. Malaysia had signed many treaties in the international level. Malaysia is a member of ASEAN and WTO. In the recent trading rate, Malaysia becomes the third trading partner of Europe. The economic models of Malaysia helped the country to develop the private sector and enable the government to rearrange the policies regarding the same. By the growth of the economic sector, the business tendency goes on high rate and the provisions regarding the consumer protection is compressed tremendously. Many of the consumers do not have any knowledge about their rights. The private companies are targeting the m and trying to earn profit by misleading them. The clauses regarding the trade treaty are Bi lateral treaty, MITI, FTA etc[6]. A treaty had been signed by Malaysia with Rome and Article 7 and Article 59 of the said treaty caused serious price discrimination and the interest of the consumers become vitiated by this. Under the consumer Protection Act 1999, an initiative has been taken to secure the rights of the consumers so that they could not be suffered by the acts of the traders. There are certain provisions in the CPA 1999 where penalties and clauses have been stated regarding the violation of the interest of the consumers[7]. Part II of the Act consists of 11 sections amounting section 8 to section 18 that specifically deals with the misleading conduct. Part III of the Act provides certain norms regarding the safety of goods and standard of the same. Part IV of the Act contains certain penalty provisions that will be imposed if any violation made regarding the provisions of Part II and Part III. In A others v National Blood Authority Another QBD 26 MAR 2001, it was held by the court that if defect regarding any product is unknown to the consumer, he will get the opportunity to claim damages from the manufacturer. In Puncak Niaga v NZ wheels Sdn. Bhd. (2012) 1 MLJ 27, the plaintiff had bought a Mercedes car but the car was not started on seven occasion and due to this, plaintiff has to face a number of difficulties. The Consumer court of Malaysia observed that the quality of the car is unacceptable in nature and directed the defendant to replace the same[8]. Bibliography: Halim, Mustafa Afifi Ab, and Azlin Alisa Ahmad. "Enforcement ofconsumer protection laws on halal products: Malaysian experience."Asian Social Science10.3 (2014): 9. Yusoff, Sakina Shaik Ahmad, et al. "Consumer protection and the Malaysian Sale of Goods Act 1957."International Business Management9.4 (2015): 452-459. Salleh, Nor Zafir Md, et al. "The practice of Shariah-compliant hotel in Malaysia."International Journal of Trade, Economics and Finance5.1 (2014): 26. Forman, Lisa, and Gillian MacNaughton. "Moving theory into practice: Human rights impact assessment of intellectual property rights in trade agreements."Journal of Human Rights Practice7.1 (2015): 109-138. Hla, Daw Tin, and Abu Hassan bin Md Isa. "Globalisation Of Financial Reporting Standard Of Listed Companies In Asean Two: Malaysia And Singapore."International Journal of Business and Society16.1 (2015): 95. Arbour, Marie-ve. "Portrait of Development Risk as a Young Defence."McGillLaw Journal/Revue de droit de McGill59.4 (2014): 913-942. Amin, Naemah, and Roshazlizawati Mohd Nor. "Online shopping in Malaysia: Legal Protection for E-consumers." (2013). Culp, Christopher L. "OTC-Cleared Derivatives: Benefits, Costs, and Implications of the'Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act'." (2015).

Is the representation of men and masculinity changing in popular culture Essay Example

Is the representation of men and masculinity changing in popular culture Paper Andrew Ettinghausen is familiar Australian-wide not only through his performance on the rugby field but also through his appearances in the media as a model for advertisements for a variety of products, like mens clothing. According to Buchbinder, he therefore runs the risk of becoming that anathematised thing, the male object of the gaze. Many of his appearances in television commercials evade the simple objectification of his body, and hence of his discursive position, by some of the strategies mentioned. However, a nude photograph of the famous Ettinghausen body invites his transformation into an eroticised object of the gaze. By allowing his body to be viewed as an object Ettinghausen was deemed, apparently, to have forfeited his claim to subjectivity, and hence control over his body. It became, as it were, public property. The Ettinghausen case throws suggestively into relief a number of the anxieties and concerns that beset men trying to live in accordance to the dominant model of masculinity, not the least of which is the positioning of the male as the object of the gaze which on one hand disciplines and supervises and on the other, may also articulate that of desire. 8 Moreover, Ettinghausens story also suggests that, according to Buchbinder, for all masculinitys pervasive tyranny over both men and women in the culture, its superiority and power rest on fragile, even treacherous, foundations. 9 In contrast, not all agree on the desirability of women looking at men. While some argue that this change represents a genuine advance, others suggest that to turn men into sex objects is a setback for the debate surrounding equal opportunity. We will write a custom essay sample on Is the representation of men and masculinity changing in popular culture specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Is the representation of men and masculinity changing in popular culture specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Is the representation of men and masculinity changing in popular culture specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Consensus is impossible in this debate, but Creed says that at least the debate has made one definite gain, being that it has forced general recognition that women do, and should be allowed to, derive pleasure from looking, an activity that for too long has been the preserve of men10. Creed continues by saying that the concept of masculinities also reinforces the view that gender is a constructed category rather than a pre given category. Sean Dixon also argues, like Creed, that, masculinity is not a fixed and unitary category.. Rather, like all identities masculinities are invented categories11. The re emergence of womens movements, mens movements and the gay liberation movement has raised questions regarding dominant forms of masculinity and defined masculinity as a problem in recent times, as mentioned previously. Economic changes within society have also been a major contributor in regards to destabilising and re defining masculinity. Shifts within dominant forms of masculinity have also occurred due to these economic changes. The question may now be raised as to; has hegemonic masculinity changed? In response, it may be argued that yes, hegemonic masculinity has in fact changed, especially in terms of ideals. The development of new consumer markets, for example the expanding dare to care market, has had a massive impact upon the changing representations of men and masculinity in popular culture. The new mens magazines provide a good place to start looking at these new consumer markets and changing representations. According to Tony Schirato and Susan Yell, there are several reasons for the appearance of these new mens magazines on the stands. Firstly, the increasing public profile and acceptance of the mens movement, indicates that there is a discursive space in which men talking about men can take place. Secondly, the expanding market recognises the demand by advertisers for a print media vehicle for marketing to men more broadly. Thirdly, mens increasing exposure to and wider acceptance of feminism has therefore challenged polarised notions surrounding gender identity. 12 These magazines provide a discursive site for the production and circulation of new forms of masculine subjectivity says Schirato and Yell. Some critics argue that while film, lifestyle magazines and popular culture are prepared to examine masculinity, they are not prepared to question male power itself. Creed suggests that this seems as true today as it was 70 years ago, judging by the surrealists discussions. The mainstream press and television programs hardly ever articulate awareness of the existence of a range of masculinities, instead promoting masculinity as a unitary category. 13 It is important to acknowledge that a range of masculinities exist within society when assessing the question as to whether representations of men and masculinity are changing in popular culture. The media rarely question the nature surrounding the masculinity displayed by male sporting heroes and politicians to name a few. Masculinity is a transparent, singular, obvious quality. 14 This view was confirmed in the late 1990s by cultural theorist Jackie Cook in her study associated with the representations depicted of male bodies in mens magazines, for instance, in Flex Magazine, Musclemag and Ralph. She concluded that although more attention was given to health issues and the body, there appeared that there was no particular change in images of masculinity itself, especially in relation to its ongoing social and cultural dominance. 15 Cook argues that although men may adopt provocative poses that were once the territory of the female model, women continue to be depicted as ornaments. Therefore it may be argued that yes, changes are associated with the representations of men and masculinity in popular culture, but these changes are perhaps not real changes. Creed suggests that, unless men are prepared to question the nature of male power its alignment with aggression and its subordination of women and children it is difficult to envisage any lasting or worthwhile changes taking place. 16 It can be concluded that representations of men and masculinity in popular culture are changing due to the new man phenomenon which may be described as a true creation of the media, although changes addressing the inner workings of the male are yet to be seen. Robert Bly believes that, men are still encouraged to look upwards and out rather than inwards and down, into themselves. 17 It may also be seen that new relations exist in terms of looking that challenge the conventional dynamics where men own the gaze and others are the object of the gaze. Cultural theorist L. H. M Ling warns of the problems which surface when the issue of masculine identity continues to be defined as hyper masculinity. 18 It is crucial that masculinity be re thought particularly in relation to the new global media. 19. References B.Creed, Media Matrix: Sexing the New Reality, North Sydney: Allen and Unwin, 2003, ch. 5, The Full Monty: Postmodern Men and the Media D. Buchbinder, Masculinities and Identities, Victoria: Melbourne University Press, 1994 J. Hearn, The Gender Oppression: Men, masculinity and the critique of Marxism, Great Britain: Wheatsheaf Books Limited,1987 J. Cook, Mens Magazines at the Millennium Continuum: Journal of Media and Cultural Studies, vol. 14, 2000 L. H. M Ling, Sex Machine: Global Hyper masculinity and Images of the Asian Woman in Modernity Positions, vol. 7, no. 2, 1999 R. Bly, Iron John, New York: Addison Wesley, 1990 S. Nixon, Exhibiting Masculinity in Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices, ed. Stuart Hall, London: Sage, 1997 T. Schirato S. Yell, The new mens magazines and the performance of masculinity, Media International Australia, no. 92, 1999 Bibliography C. W. Franklin, The Changing Definition of Masculinity, New York: Plenum Press, 1984 D. Coad, Gender Trouble Down Under: Australian Masculinities, Paris, Presses Universitaires de Valenciennes, ch. 6 The Queer Nineties, 1992 D. Savran, Taking It Like A Man: White Masculinity, Masochism, and Contemporary American Culture, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1998 H. Franks, Goodbye Tarzan: Men After Feminism, NSW: Allen Unwin, 1984 M. Dyson, Re negotiating the Australian Legend: Khe Sanh and the Jimmy Barnes Stage Persona, Limina, vol. 4, 1998 R. W. Connell, Masculinities, NSW: Allen Unwin, 1995 1 J. Hearn, The Gender Oppression: Men, masculinity and the critique of Marxism, Great Britain: Wheatsheaf Books Limited,1987, p. 5 2 Note 1, p. 6 : Kimmel, 1987. 3 Note 1, p. 8 4 D. Buchbinder, Masculinities and Identities, Victoria: Melbourne University Press, 1994, p. 2 5 Note 4, p. 3 6 B. Creed, Media Matrix: Sexing the New Reality, North Sydney: Allen and Unwin, 2003, ch. 5, The Full Monty: Postmodern Men and the Media pp. 78 96 7 Note 6 8 The notion of the supervising and disciplining gaze is developed by Michael Foucault in Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison (1977) in D. Buchbinder, Masculinities and Identities, Victoria: Melbourne University Press, 1994 9 Note 4, p. 83 10 Note 6, p. 84 11 S. Nixon, Exhibiting Masculinity in Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices, ed. Stuart Hall, London: Sage, p. 301 12 T. Schirato S. Yell, The new mens magazines and the performance of masculinity, Media International Australia, no. 92, p. 81 90 13 Note 6 14 Note 6 15 J. Cook, Mens Magazines at the Millennium Continuum: Journal of Media and Cultural Studies, vol. 14. p. 171 86 16 Note 6 17 R. Bly, Iron John, New York: Addison Wesley, 1990 18 L. H. M Ling, Sex Machine: Global Hyper masculinity and Images of the Asian Woman in Modernity Positions, vol. 7, no. 2, p. 277 306.

Getting a Job in the Videogame Industry

Getting a Job in the Videogame Industry When the video game industry started, back in the days of Pong, Atari, Commodore, and of course, the coin-op arcade, the majority of the developers were hardcore programmers who became game developers because they knew how to work in the language of the machines at the time. It was the generation of the mainframe programmer and the self-taught hobbyist turned pro. As time went on, traditional artists, designers, quality assurance, and other personnel became part of the development process. The concept of game developers being limited to elite coders began to fade, and the term game design became formalized. Beginning as a Tester Testing games for money have been a dream job for countless teens. For a while, testing was a viable path for the industry, although many quickly realized that it wasnt the job they imagined it would be. This path  worked for quite some time, but as game design, development, and publishing grew into a multibillion-dollar industry, the potential game designer needed more formal training and the office became a more professional setting in the times past.  It is still possible to progress from tech support or quality assurance into the development, but doing so without higher level education and training has become a rarity inside the big development companies.   QA and testing were once considered a no-qualification-required or entry-level job, but many publishers and developers have test teams with higher education and even development skills as well. Applying for Development Positions Getting a development position isnt just a matter of having some programming or art classes on your resume. Long, sometimes multi-day interview processes  stand between the aspiring developer and their dreams of making games. Questions you will want to ask yourself: Programmers: What titles have you shipped? If youre still a college student, what was your final project? Have you worked in a collaborative programming environment before? Do you know how to write clean, concise, documented code? Artists: What does your portfolio look like? Do you have a solid command of the tools you use? Can you take direction well? How about the ability to give constructive feedback? Game designers or level designers: What games are out there that youve made? Why did you make the decisions you did about gameplay, level flow, lighting, art style, or anything else that you did to make your game unique? Those are the easy questions. Programming interviews frequently involve having to stand up in front of your potential coworkers at a whiteboard and solve logic or programming efficiency problems. Level designers and artists may have to talk about their work on a video projector in the same sort of environment. Many game companies now check for compatibility with teammates. If youre not able to communicate with your potential peers, you may lose the chance at a job that youd be perfect for. Independent Development The recent rise of independently developed and published games has opened a new path for those looking to get into the game industry- but this is not an easy route by any stretch of the imagination. It requires a significant investment of time, energy, resources, and a drive to face a very competitive market. And most importantly, it requires that you know how to fail, and despite this to get up and move on to the next project until you make it.

Biography of Fernand Leger, Forerunner of Pop Art

Biography of Fernand Leger, Forerunner of Pop Art Fernand Legà ©r, born Joseph Fernand Henri Là ©ger (February 4, 1881 – August 17, 1955), was a French artist, specializing in paintings, sculpture, and film. His innovative variants on cubism and figurative art led to him being regarded as a forerunner of the pop art movement. Fast Facts: Fernand Là ©ger Full Name: Joseph  Fernand  Henri  Là ©gerOccupation: Painter, sculptor, filmmakerBorn: February 4, 1881 in  Argentan, FranceDied: August 17, 1955 in  Gif-sur-Yvette, FranceSpouses: Jeanne-Augustine Lohy (m. 1919-1950), Nadia Khodossevitch  (m. 1952-1955)Key Accomplishments: Influenced by the industrial age and the two world wars, Fernand Leger developed a unique artistic outlook that preceded the developments and concerns of Pop Art. Early Life Fernand Legà ©r was born in Argentan, in the Normandy (then Lower Normandy) region of France. His father was a cattle farmer. Little is known about his early life until he began his schooling and professional career. Initially, Legà ©r did not train in the arts. At the age of sixteen, he began training as an architect. He finished his formal architectural training in 1899, and the following year, he moved to Paris. For about a year or two, he worked as an architectural draftsman, but in 1902, he shifted into the military. Legà ©r spent 1902 and 1903 in military service, based out of the city of Versailles. French expatriate artist Fernand Leger standing in front of his completed murals. John Gutmann / Getty Images After his military service ended, Legà ©r attempted to get more formal art training. He applied to the École des Beaux-Arts but was rejected. Instead, he enrolled at the School of Decorative Arts. Ultimately, he attended the École des Beaux-Arts in a non-enrolled capacity for three years while also studying at the Acadà ©mie Julian. It was not until the age of 25 that Legà ©r began working as an artist in earnest. In those early days, his work was in the mold of the impressionists; later in his life, he destroyed many of these early paintings. Developing His Art In 1909, Legà ©r moved to Montparnasse, an area of Paris known for being home to a wide array of creative artists, many of whom lived in poverty in order to pursue their art. While there, he met several other artists of the era. In 1910, he had his first exhibition, with his art displayed at the Salon dAutomne in the same room as that of Jean Metzinger and Henri Le Fauconnie. His most important painting at the time was Nudes in the Forest, which displayed his particular variation on cubism, dubbed â€Å"tubism† by art critic Louis Vauxcelles for its emphasis on cylindrical shapes. Sothebys employees pose for photographers with Fernand Legers Cubist masterpiece Etude pour La Femme Bleu, on April 21, 2008 in London, England. Cate Gillon / Getty Images Cubism was a relatively new movement at the time, and in 1911, Legà ©r was part of a group that displayed the development to the general public for the first time. The Salon des Indà ©pendants displayed together the work by painters identified as cubists: Jean Metzinger, Albert Gleizes, Henri Le Fauconnier, Robert Delaunay, and Fernand Là ©ger. In 1912, Legà ©r again exhibited work with the Indà ©pendants and was part of a group of artists dubbed the â€Å"Section d’Or†- the â€Å"Gold Section.† His works of this era mostly were in palettes of primary colors or green, black, and white. After the Great War Like many of his countrymen, Fernand Legà ©r served in World War I, then called the â€Å"Great War.† In 1914, he joined the army, and he spent the next two years serving at the Argonne. Although he was far from the studios and salons of Paris, he continued to make art. During his service, Legà ©r sketched the instruments of war that he was surrounded by, along with some of his fellow soldiers. He nearly died from a mustard gas attack in 1916, and during his recovery, he painted The Card Players, full of frightening, mechanized figures that reflected his horror of what he had seen in the war. His experiences in the war, which was the first massive war of the industrialized era, significantly influenced the next several years of his work. Referred to as his â€Å"mechanical† period, his work from the postwar years through the 1920s featured sleek, mechanical-looking shapes. As the world attempted to return to normalcy following the war, Legà ©r made similar attempts, returning to â€Å"normal† subject matter: mothers and children, landscapes, female figure drawings, etc. However, his works continued to have that mechanical, orderly look to them. Fernand Legers Builders with Aloe, is seen at the Post-War European Art Exhibition at Pushkin Museum, in Moscow, Russia, March 6, 2017.   Mikhail Svetlov / Getty Images It was during this time that Legà ©r also got married. In December 1919, he wed Jeanne-Augustine Lohy. The couple did not have any children over the course of their three-decade marriage. In many ways, his work fell under the umbrella of purism, an answer to cubism that focused on mathematical proportions and rationality, rather than intense emotions and impulses. Legà ©r also was fascinated by the dawn of filmmaking, and for a time, he even considered abandoning his visual art to pursue cinema. In 1924, he produced and directed the film Ballet Mà ©canique, a Dadaist art film consisting of images of women’s facial features, everyday activities, and ordinary objects. He also experimented with murals, which became the most abstract of his paintings. Later Career By the end of the 1920s, Fernand Legà ©r’s work had begun to evolve. Instead of sleek, cylindrical forms that evoked the machinery of industry and war alike, more organic influences- and irregular, lively shapes- took center stage. His figures took on more color and even some humor and playfulness. He began teaching more, starting a free school in 1924 along with Alexandra Exter and Marie Laurencin. Painter Fernand Leger sits among his works in his Left Bank studio in 1948, following a trip to New York.   Bettmann  /  Contributor In the 1930s, Legà ©r made his first trips to the United States, traveling to the major hubs of New York City and Chicago. His artwork was displayed for the first time in America in 1935 with an exhibition at New York’s Museum of Modern Art. A few years later, he was commissioned by American politician Nelson Rockefeller to decorate his personal apartment. During World War II, Legà ©r lived and worked in America, teaching at Yale University. His work from this era often juxtaposed organic or natural elements with industrial or mechanical imagery. He also found new inspiration for brightly colored paintings in the neon lights of New York, resulting in paintings that included bright stripes of color and starkly outlined figures. Legà ©r returned to France in 1945, after the war ended. There, he joined the Communist Party, although he was more of a humanist with socialist beliefs rather than a fervent, devoted Marxist. During this time, his paintings took a turn to depict more scenes of everyday life featuring the â€Å"common folk.† His work also became less abstract, emphasizing his stronger focus on ordinary people rather than the avant-garde world. French painter Fernand Leger straddeling a chair in front of an incomplete painting, holding paintbrushes, wearing a flannel plaid shirt and a striped tie, Venice 1950. Archivio Cameraphoto Epoche / Getty Images In 1950, his wife Jeanne-Augustine died, and he remarried in 1952 to French artist Nadia Khodassevitch. Legà ©r spent the next few years teaching in Switzerland and working on a variety of projects including stained glass windows, sculptures, mosaics, paintings, and even set and costume design. His final, unfinished project was a mosaic for the So Paulo Opera. Fernand Legà ©r died on August 17, 1955 at his home in France. As the first artist to focus on the industrial and machine age, creating images that reflected modern consumer society, he is considered a forerunner of pop art. Sources Buck, Robert T. et al.  Fernand Là ©ger. New York: Abbeville Publishers, 1982.â€Å"Fernand Là ©ger.† Guggenheim, https://www.guggenheim.org/artwork/artist/fernand-leger.Nà ©ret, Gilles. F. Là ©ger. New York: BDD Illustrated Books, 1993.

The Likely Impact of the Basel II Accord on Shipping Finance Dissertation

The Likely Impact of the Basel II Accord on Shipping Finance - Dissertation Example 3 Data Collection and Analysis 31 D) 3.4 Limitations 32 VI Chapter 4: Results 33 A) 4.1 Findings 33 B) 4.2 Alternatives to shipping trade Finance 35 4.2.1 Ship Mortgage Indemnities 35 4.2.2 Residual Value Insurance 35 4.3.3 Boutique Financing 36 B) 4.3 Financial instruments 36 4.2.1 Hedging 37 C) 4.3. Development banks 39 VII Chapter 5: Discussion 40 VIII Chapter 6: Conclusions 42 Reference List 43 List of Figures, List of Tables, and List of abbreviations I Figures Figure 1 7 Figure 2 13 Figure 3 14 Figure 4 18 Figure 5 20 Figure 6 21 Figure 7 26 Figure 8 33 Figure 9 33 Figure 10 34 Figure 11 35 CHAPTER 1: Introduction 1.1 Introduction The Basel Committee on Banking Supervision developed a set of rules in relation to the capital adequacy requirement for banks in 1988 known as Basel 1 which primarily targeted credit risk and which made it a requirement that banks â€Å"hold capital equal at least 8% of the risk-weighted assets† (Fortis, 2008, p.20). Under the Basel I Accord â €Å"...the amount of capital being put aside by a bank as a type of ‘buffer’ for the risk taken was very simple and standardized.† (Fortis, 2008) However, the Basel Committee of Banking Supervision needing a more risk-sensitive approach to capital requirements as well as needing to incorporate â€Å"more advanced modeling and risk management in the regulatory banking system...designed a new worldwide framework† referred to as Basel II which replaced the existing Basel I legislation (Fortis, 2008, p.120). It is held that Basel II and the Capital Requirements Directive (CRD) should enable effective operation within the European Financial Single Market and to enable competition with â€Å"peer institutions on a level playing field.† (Fortis, 2008) Stated as the purpose of Basel II is â€Å"to improve... The main purpose of the research is to present that the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision developed a set of rules in relation to the capital adequacy requirement for banks in 1988 known as Basel 1 which primarily targeted credit risk and which made it a requirement that banks â€Å"hold capital equal at least 8% of the risk-weighted assets†. Under the Basel I Accord â€Å"...the amount of capital being put aside by a bank as a type of ‘buffer’ for the risk taken was very simple and standardized.† However, the Basel Committee of Banking Supervision needing a more risk-sensitive approach to capital requirements as well as needing to incorporate â€Å"more advanced modeling and risk management in the regulatory banking system...designed a new worldwide framework† referred to as Basel II which replaced the existing Basel I legislation. It is held that Basel II and the Capital Requirements Directive (CRD) should enable effective operation within the European Financial Single Market and to enable competition with â€Å"peer institutions on a level playing field.† Stated as the purpose of Basel II is â€Å"to improve the stability and soundness of the financial system by more closely linking capital requirements to risks and by promoting a more forward-looking approach to capital management†. In addition the Basel II has the objective of maintaining the â€Å"aggregate level of minimum capital requirements, while also providing incentives to adopt more risk-sensitive approaches.

Lnk between Literacy and Unemployment Research Paper

Lnk between Literacy and Unemployment - Research Paper Example A five step hypothesis test of data pertaining to the selection will be carried out and a description of the results will be carried out to answer the research question. Research question To what extent does the literacy level in a country impact on its unemployment rate? The sample is obtained from global demographics data about different countries and this information is provided. Since the crux of the report is to establish the link between literacy and unemployment rates in different nations, two countries namely Switzerland and Algeria have been chosen for this study to test the hypothesis. For instance, Switzerland has the lowest unemployment rate while Algeria has the highest rate of unemployment. Therefore, a critical analysis of this raw data will be carried out to test these statistics obtaining on the ground in view of the literacy rates of the respective countries. Formulation of the hypothesis As aptly stated by Struig & Stead (2001), a hypothesis depicts the relationshi p between two or more variables. In some instances, there is no relationship between the variables in a particular research. In this case, the null hypothesis is: There is no link between the literacy level and unemployment rate in a country. ... Hypothesis testing Step 1: The null hypothesis suggests that there is no link between literacy and unemployment rates in a given country and this is represented by H0: ?a= ?b. On the other hand, the alternative hypothesis is of the view that there is a correlation between literacy and unemployment rates in a given country and this is represented by H1: ?a ? ?b . Step 2: It is assumed that the probability of unemployment rate is higher when the literacy level of that particular country is lower. As going to be shown numerically below, the raw data presented is going to be calculated in order to establish if this assertion is true with regards to the stated question in the research problem above. Step 3: Test static value from the sample data provided from the two population proportions namely Switzerland and Algeria is going to be obtained through calculating the mean variance of the data. The table below shows the mean variance of the data between the two countries. Name of country L iteracy rate percentage Switzerland 99% Nigeria 57.1% Mean 78.05 From the statistics obtained from the table above, it can be seen that the mean static value is 78.05% and this is going to be used to evaluate the static. Step 4: The evaluation of the static is based on the mean obtained from the data provided about these two countries. The mean average static is 78.05 and it can be observed that from the raw data about the unemployment rates in the population proportions given, Switzerland has 1.9 % unemployment rate while Nigeria has 28 %. In terms of literacy rate, Nigeria has 57.1 % and is below the mean static of 78.05 % while Switzerland is above the mean static with 99 %. Step 5: from the results obtained above, it can be noted that the null

Ebay in China Essay Example for Free

Ebay in China Essay The joint venture with Tom Online will allow eBay to enter the Chinese rapidly growing market. In 2007, China experienced a technology boom in which more people were using the Internet than ever before. Besides the rocket increase of Internet usage in China, E-Commerce is growing as well. With the power and influence of Tom Online, eBay has a unique opportunity to grab the market share of a billion people in China. EBay can benefit a lot from the joint venture with Tom online. Tom Online will help eBay reach millions of people through Internet as well as the mobile Internet. Graph 1 shows that China experienced an exponentially growing in Internet usage. From 2005 to 2007, the Internet users in China doubled from 111million to 205 million. The big population of China almost guaranteed Internet usage growth. With the increase of Internet usage in China, the online shopping also grows rapidly. According to graph 2, online transaction value in China jumped from 3.9 billion RMB to 23.1 billon, representing an incredible growth rate of 253%. All the statistics above strongly prove that China is the perfect market for eBay to tap into. In addition to the great potentials of the market of China, the new marketplace will bring together the strengths of both companies. EBay EachNet’s global e-commerce knowledge and large and active trading community in China, and TOM Online’s local market knowledge and active wireless user base of more than 75 million. The new marketplace will bring enhanced online and mobile opportunities to buyers and sellers in China, evolving eBay’s participation in China and extending TOM Online’s wireless service portfolio into m-commerce. Upon the launch of the new marketplace, eBay EachNet users will be invited to transition to the new site, a nd TOM Online will work to deliver its user traffic to the site as well. Risks On the other hand, it is also risky for ebay to form the joint venture with Tom Online. EBay must pay close attention to Tom Online and their strategy in the market. Instead of eBay, it is Tom Online that has the majority share in Tom EachNet at 51%. EBay has injected over $40 million into Tom EachNet,  while Tom Online only contributed $20 million (along with knowledge, technology, and brand value). It is clear that eBay has more to lose in the deal, while Tom Online is simply negotiating their presence in China. EBay must work closely with Tom Online to ensure that their visions for Tom EachNet are similar, and a common strategy is taken to succeed. China’s business culture is another obstacle that eBay must monitor closely. Tom Online does have extremely well connection with the Chinese government, and eBay must be sure to take advantage of the TOM Online’s political networks in China. .

Binding Languages: ‘American’ Identities and Bilingual Education :: Free Essays Online

Binding Languages: ‘American’ Identities and Bilingual Education The turning points in one’s lifetime remain imprinted in a person’s mind like stamps on an envelope. They are always vivid and no matter how long time passes, the smells, noises and emotions felt always remain on our minds. The day I arrived at St. Vincent Ferrer ’s elementary school, I was only nine years old. Three days earlier, I had stepped off a plane at the Cincinnati’s international airport from Italy. My English knowledge was constrained to naming colors and counting up to one hundred. And yet, when I first stepped in my new 4th grade class, I felt welcome. Perhaps this was because I was the novelty in the class and all eyes that day remained on me. Many stood in awe wondering how and if an Italian girl looked, dressed, or talked differently from an American girl. That day, I was assigned to spend the day with Amanda, a girl with blue eyes and brown hair who seemed to have a happy expression on her face. It is still amazing to me today that, despit e completely not understanding each other, Amanda and I got along. This became evident during recess when she taught me how to play tag, a game not common in my native land, by using gestures to explain the rules. However, this use of gestures could not remain as the permanent mode of communication between us. Soon, the inability to interact with others because of a language barrier would impede my social development. This not only meant that I could not grow deep friendships with my peers, but also that I was left completely alone. No one talked to me during lunchtime; no one included me in his or her games; no one wanted to be my partner in any activity. Furthermore it would also slow down my intellectual expansion. Being unable to understand the meaning of words spoken by my teacher, I could not understand what the lesson was about. This made me feel as if I had lost my intelligence and my capability of learning. However, if I had been allowed to speak my own language within the school system while learning English, perhaps much pain and frustration might have been spared. The bewilderment, excitement and sense of fitting in on the first day of classes began and ceased that day. It would take months before I would feel again that I could belong with these people.

What is an Hypothesis?

I believe my hypothesis needs to be strengthened to be better than its rivals. When utilizing the chart on page 64 of our text I do find several areas for improvement. After going through the checklist I believe that a better hypothesis would be made after an Minimal analysis of the percentage of late payments and the minimum credit scores. A hypothesis could then be created that is more specific and testable as well as analyzed against other statistics such as the percentage of late payments for a higher, specified credit score.If research shows 70% of customers that have late payments have a credit score below 600 a stronger hypothesis would state: If the local car dealership that offers In house flagging requires a credit score higher than 600 for approved financing the percentage of late payments they receive will be less than 70%. Adequacy for its purpose I *Does the hypothesis reveal the original problem condition? I Yes, the problem is a large amount of accounts that are past due. I *Does the hypothesis clearly Identify facts that are relevant I It clearly states facts grading financing approval but does not I and those that are not?I Include any other facts. Relevant or not. I I *Does the hypothesis clearly state the condition, size, or I It only states that lenient profiles are used, this should be I distribution of some variable in terms of values meaningful I made stronger by listing a specific minimum credit score I to the research problem? I required. I *Does the hypothesis explain facts that gave rise to the need I Yes, late accounts require explanation and analysis to I for explanation? I continue to operate the equines at a profitable level.I I *Does the hypothesis suggest which form of research I Yes, a causal-predictive study would be appropriate. I design is likely to be most appropriate? I Raising the minimum credit requirement to determine if late I I payments decrease would be appropriate. I *Does the hypothesis provide a framework for org anizing I Yes, the hypothesis indicates that statistics should be I the conclusions that result? I analyzed and shown by credit scores and late payments. I Testable I *Does the hypothesis use acceptable techniques? I Yes, the hypothesis Is late payments.I *Does the hypothesis require an explanation that is plausible I Yes, a plausible explanation would utilize financial applications. I given known physical or psychological laws? I I *Does the hypothesis reveal consequences or derivatives that I The consequence is stated and does not need to be deduced. I can be deduced for testing purposes? I I *Is the hypothesis simple, requiring few conditions or I Yes, no assumptions are required. I assumptions? Better than its rivals *Does the hypothesis explain more facts than its rivals?

Macbeth’s path to evil Essay

In â€Å"Macbeth†, it is clear that Macbeth at the start of the play is a different person to Macbeth at the end of the play. During the course of the play, he changes a great deal, most obviously from a good and faithful thane of Scotland to a cruel and ruthless king. At the beginning of the play, he is at his noblest. He has shown great courage and loyalty: â€Å"brave Macbeth – well he deserves that name†, and is considered a hero by Duncan, the king, for ending the rebellion in Scotland, and is thought trustworthy: â€Å"O valiant cousin! worthy gentleman!† He is a great warrior and one of the leaders of the Scottish army: â€Å"like valour’s minion carv’d out his passage.† Yet he is ambitious, and this leads him to become a terrible king, moving from one act of violence to another, seeing one threat after another, so killing conscience and pity. As he is king of Scotland, his evil floods Scotland, making it horribly unnatural and filled with fear: â€Å"A falcon†¦/Was by a mousing owl hawk’d at and kill’d.† However, at the end of the play he still shows that he has not lost his courage as he dies fighting: â€Å"Exeunt, fighting†, but it is somewhat diminished and his fear has grown as earlier in the play he is scared of the apparitions: â€Å"But no more sights!† Yet at the beginning of the play he fought a bloody and gruesome battle in which a single, detached, armoured head (the appearance of the first apparition) would not have been an uncommon sight. It could be said that at the end of the play Macbeth is a villain, as Malcolm does: â€Å"this dead butcher†, or that he is a tragic hero, as he fought, knowing that Macduff would kill him: â€Å"And thou oppos’d, being of no woman born, /Yet I will try the last.† In order to be a tragic hero however, he needs a tragic flaw. This could either be his ambition, which causes him to be willingly swayed by the witches and risk everything, or it could be his courage, as he does not realise that courage is sometimes the ability to say ‘no’. But Shakespeare’s audience would more than likely consider him bound for Hell, as he at no point in the play asks for forgiveness. One of the beliefs on which Christianity is built is that no matter what people do on Earth, if they ask for forgiveness they will be forgiven by God, and Shakespeare’s audience would mostly have been made up of faithful Christians. No matter what people do to redeem themselves, God does not forgive them unless they ask to be. But this change from good to evil does not happen overnight. It is triggered at the beginning by the witches, who open the play in the most unnatural of ways for a Shakespearian tragedy. The scene is very short, only 12 lines long, and it is unnatural in every way possible. The three witches are supernatural beings: â€Å"you should be women, /And yet your beards forbid me to interpret/That you are so,† the weather is unnatural and violent, even the incantatory poetry that Shakespeare gives them is unnatural, as no one else in the play ever speaks in the same way as they do. It is a prologue to the evil events that will occur throughout the play. They have planned out everything and know exactly what will happen when they tell Macbeth that he will be king one day: â€Å"There to meet with Macbeth†, â€Å"All hail, Macbeth! that shalt be King hereafter.† Throughout the play, Macbeth tries to control the witches, yet he never can: â€Å"Speak, I charge you. Witches vanish†, and he tries the same with the apparitions, and is scolded by the witches: â€Å"He knows thy thought: /Hear his speech, but say thou nought.† He does not realize that he cannot control either Fate or such unearthly creatures as the witches. Also throughout the play, the witches treat Macbeth as one of their own, and he does not realise that he finds them only because they want him to: â€Å"Something wicked this way comes. /Open locks, /Whoever knocks.† Shakespeare makes this comparison between them in Macbeth’s very first line, by giving him almost the exact same words as he gave the witches: â€Å"So foul and fair a day I have not seen.† The witches are also significant to Shakespeare’s audience because there are three of them. There has always been an ancient superstition that the number three is a magical number, yet most of the Shakespearian audience would immediately associate it with the Holy Trinity – Father, Son, and Holy Ghost. In â€Å"Macbeth† this has been inverted, as so many other things are. Instead, there is an Infernal Trinity; the three witches or a more elaborate one, made up of the witches, Macbeth, and Lady Macbeth. Still, there could also be an incarnation of the Holy Trinity in â€Å"Macbeth†, represented by Macduff, Malcolm, and Banquo. Macbeth’s progression to evil is chiefly marked out by his soliloquies and the murders that he performs, or orders. He starts as a mighty and noble warrior, killing rebels for his King and country. Then, once his ambition has started to take over, he goes on to kill Duncan, an innocent, defenceless, old man: â€Å"Most sacrilegious murder hath broke ope/the Lord’s anointed temple†. He puts much thought into this before performing the deed, debating with himself whether to do it or not: â€Å"He’s here in double trust/†¦his host, /Who should against his murderer shut the door/Not bear the knife myself.† And once he has performed the horrific deed, he regrets it bitterly: â€Å"Wake Duncan with thy knocking! I would thou couldst!† His hesitation however, is not the hesitation of fear, as he has a terrible courage, but of an intimate, buried knowledge between right and wrong. Then he goes on to kill Banquo, though not personally. He gives less thought to this deed: â€Å"There is none but he/Whose being I do fear;† and he does not regret the deed at all, yet is petrified of Banquo’s ghost at the coronation banquet. Banquo, when he is killed, knows what has transpired: â€Å"I fear, /Thou play’dst most foully for ‘t.† He knows how Macbeth became king and that he killed Duncan, and also knows that he is behind his own murder: â€Å"O treachery!† Macbeth finally orders the murders of Lady Macduff and her children: â€Å"give to the edge of the sword/His wife, his babes†. While killing men was considered a great crime, killing a woman and her children was considered a much worse crime. This is done without second thought and never regrets it at all; he never mentions it to himself after it has occurred: â€Å"The very firstlings of my heart shall be/The firstlings of my hand.† As he becomes increasingly evil, so Scotland becomes increasingly unnatural. This is most obviously shown when Banquo dies to save Fleance, a parent sacrificing himself for his child’s life, which is natural: â€Å"Fly, good Fleance, fly, fly, fly!† Later in the play however, it is clear that Scotland has become more unnatural as the Son dies in an attempt to save Lady Macduff, a child sacrificing himself for his parent’s life: â€Å"He has kill’d me, mother: /Run away; I pray you!† This is unnatural and fails, as both Lady Macduff and her Son die. Finally, another sign of Macbeth’s descent to evil is that he becomes more and more secluded. This is mainly shown by the increasing amount of soliloquies that Shakespeare gives him, but is also shown by his relationship with Lady Macbeth. At the beginning of the play they are a happy couple, who love each other intensely: â€Å"my dearest partner of greatness,† yet as the play progresses, especially after Duncan’s murder, Macbeth separates himself from his wife, and once he is king, she must ask to see him: â€Å"Say to the king, I would attend his leisure†. All Macbeth’s deeds are consequently thought out by himself, unlike the murder of Duncan, in which Lady Macbeth did most of the thinking and planning: â€Å"Leave all the rest to me†, and Macbeth keeps Lady Macbeth out of the murder of Banquo even when she asks him what he is planning: â€Å"Be innocent of the knowledge†¦/Till thou applaud the deed.† All of these points show how Macbeth becomes increasingly evil throughout the play, eventually becoming a much feared villain, or a tragic hero.

Bilateral Symmetry Definition

Bilateral Symmetry Definition Bilateral symmetry is a body plan in which the body can be divided into mirror images along a central axis. In this article, you can learn more about symmetry, advantages of bilateral symmetry and examples of marine life that exhibit bilateral symmetry. What Is Symmetry? Symmetry is the arrangement of shapes or body parts so that they are equal on each side of a dividing line. In an animal, this describes the way its body parts are arranged around a central axis.   There are several types of symmetry found in marine organisms. The two main types are bilateral symmetry and radial symmetry, but organisms may also exhibit pentaradial symmetry or biradial symmetry.  Some organisms are asymmetrical. Sponges are the only asymmetrical marine animal. Definition of Bilateral Symmetry Bilateral symmetry is the arrangement of body parts into left and right halves on either side of a central axis. When an organism is bilaterally symmetrical, you can draw an imaginary line (this is called the sagittal plane) from the tip of its snout to the tip of its back end, and on either side of this line would be halves that are mirror images of each other. In a bilaterally symmetrical organism, only one plane can divide the organism into mirror images. This can also be called left/right symmetry. The right and left halves arent exactly the same. For example, the right flipper of a whale may be a little larger or differently shaped than the left flipper.   Many animals, including humans, exhibit bilateral symmetry. For example, the fact that we have an eye, arm, and leg in about the same place on each side of our bodies makes us bilaterally symmetrical. Bilateral Symmetry Etymology The term bilateral can be traced to the Latin bis (two) and latus (side). The word symmetry comes from the Greek words syn (together) and metron (meter). Characteristics of Animals That Are Bilaterally Symmetrical Animals that exhibit bilateral symmetry typically have head and tail (anterior and posterior) regions, a top and a bottom (dorsal and ventral) and left and right sides. Most have a complex brain that is located in the head, which is part of a well-developed nervous system and may even have right and left sides. They also usually have eyes and a mouth located in this region. In addition to having a more developed nervous system, bilaterally symmetrical animals can move more quickly than animals with other body plans. This bilaterally symmetrical body plan may have evolved to help animals better find food or escape predators.  Also, having a head and tail region means that waste is eliminated in a different region from where food is eaten - definitely a perk for us!   Animals with bilateral symmetry also have better eyesight and hearing than those with radial symmetry. Examples of Bilateral Symmetry Humans and many other animals exhibit bilateral symmetry. In the ocean world, most marine creatures, including all vertebrates and some invertebrates exhibit bilateral symmetry. Following are examples of marine life profiled on this site that exhibit bilateral symmetry: Marine MammalsSea TurtlesFishLobstersCephalopodsNudibranchsEchinoderms - although they have  pentaradial  (5-sided) symmetry as adults, echinoderm larvae are bilaterally symmetrical. References and Further Information Morrissey, J.F. and J.L. Sumich. 2012. Introduction to the Biology of Marine Life (10th Edition). Jones Bartlett Learning. 467pp.Natural History Museum. Bilateral Symmetry. Accessed June 16, 2015.Prosser, W. A. M. 2012. Animal Body Plans and Movement: Symmetry in Action. Decoded Science. Accessed February 28, 2016.University of California Museum of Paleontology. Bilateral (left/right) Symmetry. Understanding Evolution. Accessed February 28, 2016.

Stegomastodon Facts and Figures

Stegomastodon Facts and Figures Name: Stegomastodon (Greek for roof nippled tooth); pronounced STEG-oh-MAST-oh-don Habitat: Plains of North and South America Historical Epoch: Late Pliocene-Modern (three million-10,000 years ago) Size and Weight: About 12 feet long and 2-3 tons Diet: Plants Distinguishing Characteristics: Moderate size; long, upward-curving tusks; complex cheek teeth About Stegomastodon Its name sounds impressive- like a cross between a Stegosaurus and a Mastodon- but you might be disappointed to learn that Stegomastodon is actually Greek for roof-nippled tooth, and that this prehistoric elephant wasnt even a true Mastodon, being more closely related to Gomphotherium than to the genus to which all Mastodons belonged, Mammut. (We wont even mention Stegodon, another elephant family to which Stegomastodon was only distantly related.) As you may already have guessed, Stegomastodon was named after its unusually complex cheek teeth, which allowed it to eat such un-pachyderm-like foods as grass. More importantly, Stegomastodon is one of the few ancestral elephants (besides Cuvieronius) to have prospered in South America, where it survived until historical times. These two pachyderm genera made their way south during the Great American Interchange, three million years ago, when the Panamanian isthmus rose up from the seafloor and connected North and South America (and thus allowed the native fauna to migrate in both directions, with sometimes deleterious effects on native populations). To judge by the fossil evidence, Stegomastodon populated the grasslands east of the Andes mountains, while Cuvieronius preferred higher, cooler altitudes. Given that it survived until shortly after the last Ice Age, 10,000 years ago, its almost certain that Stegomastodon was preyed on by the indigenous human tribes of South America- which, along with inexorable climate change, drove this pachyderm to complete extinction.

How is toy selection associated with gender-roles and acceptance in Essay

How is toy selection associated with gender-roles and acceptance in the play ground with 5yr old children - Essay Example This paper intends to get preliminary research on the way at which children below the age of five years behave while at the play ground. It will analyze the findings of how they will react or interact with each other as a result of possessing a specific kind of toy. It will also from an analytical point of view look at the relationship between the choice of a toy by a target participant and their perceived roles while playing with each other in the play ground. The main aim of this study is to understand the relationship between children’s toy selection and gender-roles and also acceptance as observed in the play grounds. The findings are replicated to conform to what other researchers in the past have linked the three issues above. Specifically, I shall become a participant/observant in the whole process and take part in noting the behaviors of the children with reference to the toys they own. A co-nomination type of monitoring is applied while singling out every child in terms of the various types of toys owned by the children. By summarizing how many social interactions and the rate of acceptance of each child to their peers There is an already built up assumption that children tend to associate more with specific toys and may become afflicted with specific types of the toys. The roles of these children become more pronounced by the way they particularly take care of these toys. It is believed that children begin to adopt responsible behaviors right at the beginning of this tender age. In addition, there is an assumption that more children tend to acquire and strengthen their roles in the society by exercising them through their toys. This hypothesis is strong and can guide people including parents to build on that basis. Female and male children while at this stage are not sensitive of their roles within their peers but there is some sense of responsiveness to some kind of actions by the

Organisation and behaviour Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Organisation and behaviour - Assignment Example Coca Cola has a dynamic organizational structure. This enables the entity to address the countless managerial challenges it encounters. The entity organizational structure combines various managerial structures. The managerial models include functional, central, production and regional management. The fusion of these models generates a dynamic structure, which suits Coca Cola. The regional management enables the entity to address regional challenges, which the entity is encountering. The entity adopted a regional structure, which ensures the distribution of its products in the various sections of the globe where it has clientele. This kind of structure also ensures that the location of its production facilities enables reduction of cost and unproblematic accessibility of its products to its clientele. Regional management also enables the entity address variation in culture globally. The variation in regions means that organizational culture will vary depending on the geographic locat ions. However, the organizational culture is largely similar despite the variation in geographic location. Coca Cola organization culture entails various aspects such as team building, performance management, training and motivating employees. The organization has also established certain values which the entity seeks to inculcate in its employees. The virtues ensure that there are good inter-employee relationships. Furthermore, these values ensure proper service to the clientele. Coca Cola’s organizational culture is a vital constituent of the entity’s corporate governance policy. Coca Cola’s corporate culture is friendly and innovative. It seeks to improve the employee’s career by ensuring that employee progress professionally. Professional advancement is an imperative way of motivating employees. Motivating employees is a vital since it will boost productivity in the entity. The organization has laid emphasis on teamwork. Organizational teams are critical since

Questions on Global Issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Questions on Global Issues - Essay Example egitimacy as a source of national identity, will open doors for other mediums such as religion and culture to fill the void for nationalism and further threaten the state. This struggle is reminiscent of what Samuel Huntington wrote in his book The Clash of Civilization, he notes that in the post-Cold War era, wars and conflicts will be fought not because of economic or ideological reasons, but because of cultural phenomenon brought about by clashes among civilizations. He argues that Western instruments of modernity will create conflicts with the non-Western world due to the isolation and aggression that it will create. With globalization bringing nations and cultures together, non-Western cultures may feel isolated and threatened. In order to protect themselves, and with no apparent formal channel to do so under the nation-state, religion –being inextricably linked and identified with culture, becomes a crucial refuge and a powerful tool to fight back. However, due to the changes in today’s world – deeper integration between nations and economies, rapid developments in communications and technology (including instruments of war), blurring of national borders, and a growing animosity towards the Western world due to the spread of information among different nations and cultures; conflict, including those propelled by religious beliefs, have taken a new and more complicated face. Religious warfare, unlike the traditional conduct of war, has become more complicated to address because, as Mark Juergensmeyer notes, religious struggle (1) gives the moral authority for extremists to embark on â€Å"catastrophic acts with biblical proportions,† (2) takes generations to succeed, and (3) provide both a personal and symbolic redemption for its perpetrators. By elevating their struggles to a cosmic war, religious extremists not only elevate their fight to be one of good against evil, they also impact public consciousness, bringing awareness, and at times sympathy, to

Theoretical Perspective Of Principal Agent Theory

Theoretical Perspective Of Principal Agent Theory According to Random House Dictionary, theory is a coherent group of general propositions used as principles of explanation for a class of phenomena. In the formal meanings of the term, theory has the following three meanings (Frederickson and Smith, 2003): Theory in the natural sciences is the rigorous testing of predictive theorems or assumptions using observable and comparable data. The tested and verified hypotheses constitute the foundation of theories. And theories derived from this process usually serve as a highly reliable direction for behavior. Theories in the social sciences, including public administration, implies the sequence of factual material (history, events, cases, stories, measures of opinion, observations) presented in definitions, concepts, and metaphors to promote understanding. The rigorous and the intuitive observation of social behavior, patterns of communication, and culture is the basis to this theory. The last meaning of theory in public administration is the theories of what should to be. These theories compose the bridge between public administration, political science, and philosophy. The theorists aim at discovering theories that account for, explain, or describe observable trends in behavior and to evaluate the normative cues of such behavior. It is often true that public administration theorists use a mix of the second and third definition of theory. And there is no doubt that theory is the bedrock of understanding of public administration (Frederickson and Smith, 2003). If manuscripts contain no theory, their value is suspect (Whetten, 2000). Hence, an important mission of scholars and educators in the areas of management, health, education, and social work is, on the one hand to conduct researches that contribute knowledge to a scientific discipline, and to apply that knowledge to the practice of management as a profession, on the other (Simon, 1967). To do this well, we need to design our research so that it provides an intimate understanding of the practical problems facing the profession. Equally important, we need to appreciate and strengthen our skills in developing good theory so that research conducted about these problems will advance the knowledge that is relevant to both the discipline and the profession (Van DE Ven, 1989). Therefore, this paper aims at discussing what is theoretical from the perspective of principal-agent theory. It is consisted of four sections: 1) What is Principal-Agent Theory; 2) Whats the theoretical contribution of Principal-Agent Theory; 3) Limitations of Principal-Agent Theory; 4) Conclusion. Principal-Agent Theory One day Deng Xiaoping decided to take his grandson to visit Mao. Call me granduncle, Mao offered warmly. Oh, I certainly couldnt do that, Chairman Mao, the awe-struck child replied. Why dont you give him an apple? suggested Deng. No sooner had Mao done so than the boy happily chirped, Oh thank you, Granduncle. You see, said Deng, what incentives can achieve. (Capitalism, 1984) According to Arrow (1971) and Wilson (1968), during the 1960s and early 1970s, economists investigated risk sharing among individuals or groups. The risk-sharing problem, described in this literature, arises when collaborating parties have different standpoints toward risk. Principal-Agent theory expanded the risk-sharing literature to include what is called agency problem. And agency problem occurs when cooperating parties have different goals, information, and division of labor (Jensen Meckling, 1976). Specifically, principal-agent theory concentrates on the ubiquitous agency-relationship, in which one party (the principal) delegates work to another (the agent), who performs that work in behalf of the principal (Eisenhardt, 1989). And principal-agent theory seeks to portray this relationship using the metaphor of a contract (Jensen Meckling, 1976). As a consequence, the central dilemma explored by principal agent theorists is how to stimulate the employee or contractor (agent) to behave in the best interests of the principal (the employer) when the employee or contractor has an informational advantage over the principal and has different interests from the principal. From the agency perspective, most organizations are simply legal fictions which serve as a nexus for a set of contracting relationships among individuals (Jensen and Meckling, 1976). The basic premise of the theory is that if both parties to the relationship are utility maximisers, there is good reason to believe that the agent will not always act in the best interests of the principal (Jensen and Meckling, 1976). In determining the most efficient contract, principal-agent theory brings up certain hypotheses about people, organizations and information. It assumes that agents and principals will act in their self-interest to maximize their own welfare. Agents possess more information than their principals possess. As a result, it identifies two impediments to effective contractual performance: moral hazard and adverse selection. Moral hazard refers to that the agent doesnt put agreed-upon efforts to the tasks. That is, the agent is shirking. Adverse selection refers to the misrepresentation of ability by the agent (Eisenhardt, 1989). The agent may claim to have certain skills, experiences, or capabilities when he or she is hired. Adverse selection arises because the principal cannot completely verify these skills, experiences, or capabilities either at the time of recruitment or while the agent is working (Eisenhardt, 1989). Two types of problems are especially relevant. One is the agency problem which arises from the conflicting goals of the principal and the agent and from the difficulty/expense involved in verifying the agents behavior (Eisenhardt, 1989). The second is the problem of risk-sharing which arises from the different attitudes toward risk on the part of the principal and the agent. The different risk preferences between the principals and agents are likely to lead to different actions. Therefore, the theory concentrates on the contract between the principal and the agent and the ways in which the contract can be made most efficient from the point of view of the principal (V. Nilakant, 1994). Besides, the theory makes two assumptions: that goal conflict exists between principals and agents and that agents have more information than their principals, which results in an information asymmetry between them (Waterman and Meier, 1998). Goal Conflict. In the marketplace, principals and agents clearly have different goals and/or preferences (Waterman and Meier, 1998). Commonly, agents want to make as much money as possible, however principals want to pay as little as possible for services. The same as in the public sector. The government wants to produce as more public goods as possible, while the contractor agents expect to decrease the cost as much as possible. Therefore, in a contract relationship, maximum principals interest couldnt inevitably contribute to the maximum of agents interests. It could even reversely worsen agents advantages, such as less compensation or profit. As a consequence, how to encourage agents to accomplish principals goals at a minimum cost has become a great challenge. Information Asymmetry. As we already have noted, the information asymmetry is a critical assumption of the principal-agent model. The information asymmetry is simply the claim that agents possess more information than their principals possess. (Waterman and Meier, 1998) When the distribution of information between principal and agent is asymmetric, the classic principal-agent problem arises. The problem brought up here is how to avoid information asymmetry so that principals know to what extent the agents have achieved the principals goals, what agents are doing, and what are not done. With these information, principals could better monitor the contract relation and working process to improve organizational performance. In addition to the assumption that partial goal conflict is inherent in any principal-agent relationship, principal-agent theory also presumes that information about the agent is a commodity that can be purchased. (V. Nilakant, 1994) Table 1 presents an overview of principal-agent theory, including key idea, unit of analysis, human assumptions, organizational assumptions, information assumptions, and contracting problems. Table 1 Principal-Agent Theory Overview Key Idea Principal-agent relationships should reflect efficient organization of information and risk-bearing costs Unit of Analysis Contract between principal and agent Human Assumptions Self-interest Bounded rationality Risk aversion Organizational Assumptions Partial goal conflict among participants Efficiency as the effectiveness criterion Information asymmetry between principal and agent Information Assumptions Information as a purchasable commodity Contracting Problems Agency (moral hazard and adverse selection) Risk sharing Problem Domain Relationships in which the principal and agent have partly differing goals and risk preferences (e.g., compensation, regulation, leadership, impression management, whistle-blowing, vertical integration, transfer pricing) Source: Eisenhardt, Kathleen M. (1989). Agency Theory: An Assessment and Review. The Academy of Management Review, Vol. 14, No. 1, p.59 Theoretical Contribution of Principal-Agent Theory Principal-Agent theory has been contributing a lot to organization theory and incentive theory. Principal-Agent theory has been the basis for an extensive set of studies relating bureaucracy to elected officials. It also has been extended to presidents decisions to use force and to the Supreme Court and its relationship to lower courts. (Waterman and Meier, 1998) Before discussing the theoretical contribution of principal-agent theory, Id like to talk about what is a good theory. Above all, a good theory is the theory appropriately used. All theories are false. They are, after all, just words and symbols on pieces of paper, about the reality they purport to describe; they are not that reality. So they simplify it. This means we must choose our theories according to how useful they are, not how true they are. (Mintzberg, 2005) Obviously, principal-agent theory is not omnipotent to explain or solve all problems in an organization. It is true only when it is appropriately used. Furthermore, a good theory is practical precisely. A theory to be useful, should accurately describe or depict a real world event or phenomenon. (Frederickson and Smith, 2003) The first section has demonstrated that principal-agent theory fits this requirement. Scholars devoted to this theory have explicitly described what principal-agent is and what it could explain in the real world. Finally, a good theory is insightful and predictive. Theory is insightful when it surprises, when it allows us to see profoundly, imaginatively, unconventionally into phenomena we thought we understoodà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦theory is of no use unless it initially surprises-that is, changes perceptions. (Mintzberg, 2005) From this perspective, principal-Agent theory may not dramatically change perceptions, but it really brings in some new thinking about organizations and incentives. Firstly, Principal-Agent theory reestablishes the importance of incentives and self-interest in organizational thinking. It reminds us that much of organizational life, whether we like it or not, is based on self-interest. (Eisenhardt, 1989) Both principal and agent are usually assumed to be attempting to maximize their own utilities. Agents would not voluntarily produce desires of principal and it is difficult or expensive for the principal to investigate what the agent is actually doing. Hence, it is significant for principals to provide incentives to agents which lead to an alignment of goals between principal and agent, in order to assure that the agents act for principals aims. That is to maximize principals interests rather than impair principals efficiency through agents over possession of information. Secondly, Principal-Agent theory also makes important contributions to organizational thinking, the most important of which is the treatment of information. (Eisenhardt, 1989). In principal-agent theory, information is considered as merchandise: it has a cost, and it can be exchanged and purchased. The implication is that organizations can invest in information systems in order to control agent opportunism, an illustration of which is the executive compensation. And one of the important factors such compensation requires is information systems. It is assumed that richer information systems control managerial opportunism and, therefore, lead to less performance-contingent pay. Board of directors is considered as one particular relevant information system to monitor executive behaviors. When boards provide richer information, compensation is less likely to be based on firm performance. Also, when boards provide richer information, top executives are more likely to engage in behaviors t hat are consistent with stockholders interest. (Eisenhardt, 1989) Besides, to break agents superiority status on information is of great significance to keep balance between principals and agents and to improve agents performance. Moreover, profit sharing has been widely used as an attempt to give employees more opportunities to involve into and to get pleasurable emotion from the organization and to make employees feel they are part of the organization; to increase employees sense of commitment to organization; to increase sense of co-operation between management and subordinates; and to ensure employees benefit from organization profitability. In the public sector, administrators should frequently involve into policy-making process. Participatory management could be an efficient approach to get an alignment of goals of the management and subordinates and to motive employees performance consciousness. In addition, Principal-Agent theory could be used to elucidate hierarchical control of organizations as well (Moe, 1984). Difficulty in monitoring the actions of subordinates/agents, asymmetric information superior status of subordinates/agents, or transactions costs in supervising and verifying the actions of subordinates/agents all can give agents opportunities to escape from principals goals by maximizing agents interests. Typically, principals find means to ameliorate these problems, for example, by relying on signals that warn them when agents step outside certain bounds. (Song, Segal, and Cameron, 1976) Limitations of Principal-Agent Theory Principal-Agent theory, which characterizes relationships that develop and evolve, is supposed to be a dynamic, rather than a static theory (Waterman and Meier, 1998). It provides insightful and predictive theoretical contribution to organization and incentive theory development. Principal-agent theory provides a unique, realistic, and empirically testable perspective on problems of cooperative effort (Eisenhardt, 1989). Besides its theoretical contribution, however, principal-agent theory needs further improvement as the following: Principal-Agent Theory merely displays a partial aspect of the real world, although it is valid, and it also ignores a great amount of organizational complexity. Additional perspectives could contribute to attain the more important complexity (Eisenhardt, 1989). According to Ogden (1993), the highly simplified model of organizational conflict and the contrasting complexity of the mathematics required to provide solutions to the agency problem have been frequently cited as limitations to principal-agent theory. In addition, principal-agent theory could be developed to a richer and more complicated range of contexts. Principal-agent theory studies the relationship between the principal and the agent defined by contract, resting on a basis in economics. Under this theory, relationship problems are explained from a contractual perspective; and solutions derives from the change of contract. However, noneconomic considerations should be emphasized as well, such as cultural, social, psychological, and political. And some scholars have already argued to look at important non-contractual aspects of principal-agent relationship. So, to study principal-agent relationship from non-contractual perspectives is demanded and valuable. Conclusion Starting from an introduction to what is the principal-agent theory and the importance of the theory in public administration, we conclude that the principal-agent theory has contributed a lot to the development of organization theory and incentive theory. Although theoretical significant, principal-agent theory still has its limitations, such as simplified model and ignorance of non-economic factors, which leaves a long way for future development. Nevertheless, this term paper merely provides a short review and summary of principal-agent theory and its theoretical contributions. It is far from a comprehensive and deep study on principal-agent problems and solutions. Much more works are needed to elaborately review this theory.

Characterization in Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown Essay -- Young Goo

  Ã‚  Ã‚   This essay will demonstrate the types of characters present in Nathaniel Hawthorne’s â€Å"Young Goodman Brown,† whether static or dynamic, whether flat or round, and whether protrayed through showing or telling.    R. W. B. Lewis in â€Å"The Return into Rime: Hawthorne† states: â€Å"†¦ there is always more to the world in which Hawthorne’s characters move than any one of them can see at a glance† (77). This is especially true with such flat or two-dimensional characters as are generally found in â€Å"Young Goodman Brown.† These type characters are built on a â€Å"single idea or quality† and are presented without much â€Å"individualizing detail† (Abrams 33). Faith, of course, represents or symbolizes the theological virtue of faith; Goody Cloyse, as a catechism teacher, represents â€Å"goodness†; the unnamed fellow-traveller in the woods is symbolic of â€Å"evil.† Q. D. Leavis explains this symbolic use of characters: â€Å"The first batch of works I specified [including ‘Young Goodman Brown’] is essentially dramatic, its use of language is poetic, and it is symbolic, and richly so, as is the dramatic poet’ s. . . Where the â€Å"symbol† is the thing itself, with no separable paraphrasable meaning as in an allegory: the language is directly evocative (27).    The flat character Faith is not developed like her husband; her dialogue is restricted to the opening few paragraphs. She speaks only four sentences in the entire story:    "Dearest heart," whispered she, softly and rather sadly, when her lips were close to his ear, "pr'ythee, put off your journey until sunrise, and sleep in your own bed tonight. A lone woman is troubled with such dreams and such thoughts, that she's afeard of herself, sometimes. Pray, tarry with me this night, dear husb... ...ng Goodman Brown.† 1835. http://www.cwrl.utexas.edu/~daniel/amlit/goodman/goodmantext.html    Kaul, A.N. â€Å"Introduction.† In Hawthorne – A Collection of Critical Essays, edited by A.N. Kaul. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1966.    Leavis, Q.D. â€Å"Hawthorne as Poet.† In Hawthorne – A Collection of Critical Essays, edited by A.N. Kaul. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1966.    Lewis, R. W. B. â€Å"The Return into Time: Hawthorne.† In Hawthorne – A Collection of Critical Essays, edited by A.N. Kaul. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1966.    Swisher, Clarice. â€Å"Nathaniel Hawthorne: a Biography.† In Readings on Nathaniel Hawthorne, edited by Clarice Swisher. San Diego, CA: Greenhaven Press, 1996.    Wagenknecht, Edward. Nathaniel Hawthorne – The Man, His Tales and Romances. New York: Continuum Publishing Co., 1989.

The Person I Admire Most

International law Main articles: Public international law, Conflict of laws, and European Union law Providing a constitution for public international law, the United Nations system was agreed during World War II International law can refer to three things: public international law, private international law or conflict of laws and the law of supranational organisations. Public international law concerns relationships between sovereign nations. The sources for public international law development are custom, practice and treaties between sovereign nations, such as the Geneva Conventions.Public international law can be formed by international organisations, such as the United Nations (which was established after the failure of the League of Nations to prevent the Second World War),[21] the International Labour Organisation, the World Trade Organisation, or the International Monetary Fund. Public international law has a special status as law because there is no international police forc e, and courts (e. g. the International Court of Justice as the primary UN judicial organ) lack the capacity to penalise disobedience. 22] However, a few bodies, such as the WTO, have effective systems of binding arbitration and dispute resolution backed up by trade sanctions. [23] Conflict of laws (or â€Å"private international law† in civil law countries) concerns which jurisdiction a legal dispute between private parties should be heard in and which jurisdiction's law should be applied. Today, businesses are increasingly capable of shifting capital and labour supply chains across borders, as well as trading with overseas businesses, making the question of which country has jurisdiction even more pressing.Increasing numbers of businesses opt for commercial arbitration under the New York Convention 1958. [24] European Union law is the first and, so far, only example of an internationally accepted legal system other than the UN and the World Trade Organisation. Given the tren d of increasing global economic integration, many regional agreements—especially the Union of South American Nations—are on track to follow the same model.In the EU, sovereign nations have gathered their authority in a system of courts and political institutions. These institutions are allowed the ability to enforce legal norms both against or for member states and citizens in a manner which is not possible through public international law. [25] As the European Court of Justice said in the 1960s, European Union law constitutes â€Å"a new legal order of international law† for the mutual social and economic benefit of the member states. [26] The Person I Admire Most International law Main articles: Public international law, Conflict of laws, and European Union law Providing a constitution for public international law, the United Nations system was agreed during World War II International law can refer to three things: public international law, private international law or conflict of laws and the law of supranational organisations. Public international law concerns relationships between sovereign nations. The sources for public international law development are custom, practice and treaties between sovereign nations, such as the Geneva Conventions.Public international law can be formed by international organisations, such as the United Nations (which was established after the failure of the League of Nations to prevent the Second World War),[21] the International Labour Organisation, the World Trade Organisation, or the International Monetary Fund. Public international law has a special status as law because there is no international police forc e, and courts (e. g. the International Court of Justice as the primary UN judicial organ) lack the capacity to penalise disobedience. 22] However, a few bodies, such as the WTO, have effective systems of binding arbitration and dispute resolution backed up by trade sanctions. [23] Conflict of laws (or â€Å"private international law† in civil law countries) concerns which jurisdiction a legal dispute between private parties should be heard in and which jurisdiction's law should be applied. Today, businesses are increasingly capable of shifting capital and labour supply chains across borders, as well as trading with overseas businesses, making the question of which country has jurisdiction even more pressing.Increasing numbers of businesses opt for commercial arbitration under the New York Convention 1958. [24] European Union law is the first and, so far, only example of an internationally accepted legal system other than the UN and the World Trade Organisation. Given the tren d of increasing global economic integration, many regional agreements—especially the Union of South American Nations—are on track to follow the same model.In the EU, sovereign nations have gathered their authority in a system of courts and political institutions. These institutions are allowed the ability to enforce legal norms both against or for member states and citizens in a manner which is not possible through public international law. [25] As the European Court of Justice said in the 1960s, European Union law constitutes â€Å"a new legal order of international law† for the mutual social and economic benefit of the member states. [26]