The Best Way to Learn Italian

The Best Way to Learn Italian The Italian national soccer group, known as Gli Azzurri due to their blue pullovers, has positioned among the top groups on the planet for quite a long time. Theyve won the World Cup ordinarily, Italian-conceived players routinely sign multimillion-dollar contracts for European groups, and the Italian soccer alliances offer the absolute most skilled rivalry anyplace. The superseding purpose behind their prosperity? Practice, practice, practice. Also, that is the key to learning Italian or some other unknown dialect. Exercise your language muscles each day, and soon you, as well, will contend with the best of them. While many believe that the fastest and best approach to learn Italian is the absolute drenching technique venturing out to Italy for an all-encompassing period and learning at any of the a large number of language schools all through the nation there are other, progressively reasonable alternatives to investigate from home, as well. Begin Studying Youve effectively made the most significant move to learning Italian when you began looking through on the web (and discovered this website)â because the most significant thing is to begin contemplating! Furthermore, despite the fact that there are huge amounts of assets accessible available, any technique is proper as long as you keep up a predictable report plan. Pick Your Learning Materials So once you pick a practical measure of time that you can dedicate to your Italian investigations every day, at that point perusing an Italian reading material, taking a language course at a college or nearby language school, finishing exercise manual activities, tuning in to web recording or mp3s, or chatting with a local Italian speaker all tally. Characterize Your Goals Numerous individuals botch a longing to be conversational for a craving for familiarity. The general purpose of investing the entirety of this energy learning Italian is so you can have genuine discussions with genuine individuals, so remember that as you pick your learning materials. Discover things that are down to earth and that offer language you can use with genuine individuals. Adhere to Your Routine Invest some energy consistently perusing, composing, talking, and tuning in to Italian to get acquainted with the objective language. Gradually, your certainty will work with your language accomplices, your complement will turn out to be less articulated, your jargon will extend, and youll be conveying in Italian. Perhaps youll even beginning communicating in Italian with your hands. At long last, visiting Italy to have an all out drenching experience is awesome, particularly while doing things like a homestay where you actually eat, inhale, and (ideally) dream in Italian. Be that as it may, as you probably are aware, trips end, and people effectively overlook what they’ve realized, so standard is vital in the event that you genuinely need to be conversational.

The Negro Movement

Glancing back at the historical backdrop of the way of life that has become alive once again; one might be very amazed exactly how far the African American culture has come. The movement of the African American culture is without a doubt one to be glad for. From cotton fields to Harlem, â€Å"The New Negro Movement†, started a feeling of social self-assurance, with a longing to take a stab at monetary, political fairness, and city cooperation. This was a development that started a wide scope of headways in the African American culture. Leaving impressions of incredible people just as set a way route for people in the future to follow; starting a precedent for Black enormity. After the American Civil War there was a flash inside the African American culture to decrease the heritage of subjugation. It began in 1908, with the improvement of the NAACP (The National Association of Colored People), which drove the battle against racial segregation. What is known as â€Å"The Great migration† in 1914 was the relocation of more than at least 500,000 Blacks in a multi year time frame; for industry employments, and in general better chances. Blacks were leaving the South traveled North in scan for something new. This was the getaway they ached for from abusive living and social conditions that undermined life. New York was one of the all the more engaging states, considering New York schools denied separate schools for African Americans. Hence, instruction was additionally made simpler for African Americans. By 1819 Harlem, New York had the most elevated include of Black individuals on the planet. In 1916-17, Hubert Harrison; whom is viewed as the dad of â€Å"The New Negro Movement† set up his first affiliation â€Å"The Liberty League†, alongside his first paper. During the 1920’s and 1930’s, African Americans communicated through Literature, Art, Music, Drama, Movies, and dissent. Mr. Harrison urged Blacks to grow and improve through instruction, mindfulness, and Afro-driven network programs. With â€Å"The Voice† of â€Å"The New Negro Movement† empowered the Black people group to request balance. This was in reality the introduction of the Harlem Renaissance. The Harlem Renaissance is the name given to the period from the finish of World War I and through the 1930’s Depression time. During this time, there were numerous incredible abstract attempts to occur. A gathering of authors delivered an incredible gathering of Literature. A portion of those essayists include: Alain Locke, who depicted himself as the â€Å"midwife† to hopeful youthful dark authors of the 1920s. In a 1925 article entitled ‘The New Negro', Howard University Professor of Philosophy Alain Locke portrayed this change as not depending on more established time-worn models in any case, rather, grasping a ‘new brain research' and ‘new sprit'. Key to Locke's solution was the order that the ‘New Negro' needed to ‘smash' the entirety of the racial, social and mental hindrances that had since a long time ago hindered dark accomplishment. Six years preceding Locke's article, the spearheading dark movie producer Oscar Micheaux called for comparable changes. In his film Within our Gates, Micheaux spoke to a virtual cornucopia of ‘New Negro' types: from the informed and enterprising ‘race' man and lady to the hopeless Negro hawker, from the liberal white giver to the no-nonsense white bigot. Micheaux made a mind boggling, exaggerated account around these sorts so as to build up a profound quality story of pride, preference, skepticism and progressivism that would be returned to by Locke and others (Rhapsodies in Black: Art of the Harlem Renaissance (London/California: Hayward Gallery, Institute of International Visual Arts and University of California Press, 1997). Dark claimed magazines and papers thrived, liberating African Americans from the choking impacts of standard white society. Charles S. Johnson's Opportunity magazine turned into the main voice of dark culture, and W. E. B. DuBois' diary, The Crisis, with Jessie Redmon Fauset as its artistic supervisor, propelled the scholarly vocations of such journalists as Arna Bontemps, Langston Hughes, and Countee Cullen(The Birth of the Harlem Renaissance: History and Timeline †Infoplease. com). Furthermore, there were different parts of Black significance rising up out of abuse. â€Å"†¦Through their masterfulness, the writing of this period assisted with encouraging a change from the brain research of the â€Å"Old Negro† (portrayed by an inferred mediocrity of the post-Reconstruction time when dark craftsmen frequently didn't control the methods for creation or publication rights) to the â€Å"New Negro† (described as self-decisive, racially cognizant, articulate, and, generally, accountable for what they delivered). Milestone messages that denoted this change and energized expanded investigation of African American experience through writing incorporated The Book of American Negro Poetry (1922), altered by James Weldon Johnson and The New Negro (1925) by Locke. The brief artistic magazine Fire!! (1926) likewise significantly affected the abstract creation since it spoke to the endeavors of more youthful African American scholars, (for example, Hughes and Hurston) to guarantee their own imagination separated from more established craftsmen, (for example, DuBois and James Weldon Johnson), just as to build up self-governance from potential white exploiters†¦ (Trudier Harris-Lopez, â€Å"Forward† Harlem Renaissance, Volume I. Janet Witalec, venture editorial manager. Farmington Hill, MI: Gale, 2003 Call and Response: The Riverside Anthology of the African American Literary Tradition. Ed. Patricia Liggins Hill. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1998). The Spiritual Coming of Age was exc lusively for African Americans to communicate for themselves and endeavor assurance. To have a feeling of race pride. White Literary foundations got intrigued and started to distribute their works. African American Literature has affected American culture in a colossal manner. Their works have enlivened numerous African Americans to proceed with the heritage in Literature. At this equivalent time, the Jamaican-conceived Marcus Garvey started his advancement of the â€Å"Back to Africa development. † Garvey established the Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL), which supported the rejoining surprisingly of African heritage into one network with one supreme government. The development urged African-Americans to meet up, however to likewise feel pride in their legacy and race (http://www. life story. com/blackhistory/harlem-renaissance. sp). The Harlem Renaissance was a characterizing development inside the African American culture. 1929 denoted the start of the finish of the Harlem Renaissance. Because of the monetary decays, numerous unmistakable scholars withdrew Harlem. Despite the fact that there was very little time during this period, this time impacted numerous journalists to come. Its incredible cros sroads in History like this that motivate and impact ages to come. The Harlem uproar of 1935 was the last occasion. The movement of African Americans has made some amazing progress. From subjection to Harlem, and past; African Americans have transformed History. Not long after the Renaissance, many made their mark imagination. With the rises of individuals like Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. , Malcolm X, Sojourner Truth, the African American culture has gone a long ways past what was envisioned hundreds of years back. Numerous incredible performers from jazz period added to the mass music furor we see today. With incredible artists like Duke Ellington and Louis Armstrong, we currently have Kenny G, and Boney James. With Poets, for example, Langston Hughes, and Zora Neale Hurston, we have Maya Angelou, and Gwendolyn Brooks. The Harlem Renaissance has contributed an excessive number of incredible works among African Americans. The African American culture has bloomed from numerous points of view. In the start of the 1970’s, African American writing went standard, and has kept on progressing admirably; also, books by Black writers proceed with today to get top of the line grants. This additionally denotes the period where African American works were considered as an authentic classification of American Literature. The Civil Rights development established an incredible connection with dark voices during the 1960s. Baldwin, whose fiction and articles managed with race as well as sexuality, family, the ex-pat life, and his youth in the Church, came back from numerous years in Paris to take part in the thriving development. A large number of Baldwin's most critical works were written during the 60s, including Another Country and The Fire Next Time (â€Å"African American Literature: History, Crossword, Quizzes, Harlem Renaissance, Civil Rights. † Infoplease.  © 2000â€2007 Pearson Education, distributing as Infoplease. 26 Apr. 2011http://www. infoplease. com/spot/bhmlit1. html).

7 Basic Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) Methodologies Which One is Best

7 Basic Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) Methodologies Which One is Best After tons of meetings, follow up emails and numerous phone calls, you finally got the contract signed.Congratulations!Out of all the bidders, you are the one who proved capable of delivering the best software solution. You share this information with your team and its time to celebrate.Settling down, you start discussing the project. Leaving nothing to chance, you select only the best of your staff to form the project team. You schedule the kickoff meeting with the client. You list the topics of discussion and youre ready for take off.But are you really ready? Have you considered everything you need to check on before you start the project?You may be surprised to find out that there is one very important thing which many project managers dont give due attention to.It comes at the beginning of the project and needs careful focusDo you know what it is?It is the process of choosing the right Software Development Life Cycle methodology.You have already engaged the client and so are awar e of the kind of system or software product he expects you to develop.As a result, you have a mental picture of the whole process to be followed by your team.This is a good thing because you have to see the end of the project before embarking on it.All the same, to make the right choice of an SDLC methodology, you need to slow down a bit.You obviously know there are several to choose from and have a favorite one you normally use. But don’t just run with it because it works well. You need to find out whether it is the best for your current project. This way, you will avoid facing unnecessary challenges in the course of the project.For example, you may end up feeling cornered when some stages of the SDLC model you chose start overlapping.If this was not part of the plan, then it can open the door for some real problems.Or you may be asked by the client to include a few ‘small’ features into the software. This may happen when the process is past the stage which could accommodate that.As much as situations are rarely perfect, you should avoid getting into one like these.The last thing you want from your client is being asked questions like, “How come you cannot do that?” or “Didn’t you promise to deliver?” Since you started on a good note, endeavor to finish on one too.We will look at the various SDLC methodology types and see their strengths and weaknesses. We will also provide you with a helpful guideline to determine when best to use each one of them.But before getting into that, let’s first go through the basic processes of a software development life cycle.WHAT IS SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE (SDLC) ANYWAY?This is the process which a software system being developed goes through.The system itself is intended to be the solution to a problem. As is the case with most solutions, implementation takes place through a process.For example, when a company wants to expand its warehousing capacity, they have the option of either buying, renting or b uilding a warehouse.Whichever option they pick, they’ll have to go through a process of planning, surveying and final acquisition. Some of the things to be considered will be warehouse size, distance from the current warehouse and offices, number of new staff required etc.It is the same thing with software development. The Software Development Life Cycle is the process which guides you through the project from start to finish.Generally, there are stages involved in all the different methodologies. These stages are the steps of developing and implementing the solution. They are:PlanningThis is the phase where you do a feasibility study to ascertain the need for a new system.You will examine the Problems customers face and then look for possible solutions. An estimation of the resources needed for the new solution will also be necessary. These will usually be in the form of time, costs, personnel and any other factor to be considered.You will then develop a project plan and present it to the management. It is only after getting the approval that you proceed to the next phase.AnalysisIn this phase, you define the specific problems which the client has. Your team then suggests some solutions and settles on the best. All requirements should be clear to help you understand the client’s needs.The goal at this stage is to gather information. Various methods may be used including one-on-one interviews, group interviews or questionnaires. Observing people as they work is also a great way of collecting information. This will give you valuable information which may never be given verbally.The management should verify the requirements given by the end users to ensure they are within the project scope.DesignIn this phase, you describe the functions and features of the proposed solution in detail.You will use process diagrams, screen layouts and other tools to paint a picture of the solution.The design will also show how the processes will flow.As part of the details, yo u can also use entity relationship diagrams and pseudo-code.This is to ensure system engineers and developers understand what they are to create.DevelopmentThis is the phase where the system or software product gets created.In most cases, you would divide the work into units and have teams working on them.Alternatively, you can assign the units to individual experts according to their skill level. Database developers would handle the database needs, network engineers work on the network requirements while system programmers produce the actual system code.Testing is part of the development work and the test data is generated for this purpose.A major challenge in this phase is checking the code for semantic errors. These are the hardest to detect yet can cause great problems if they go unnoticed. For this reason, the test data should have known results for comparison against test results.The finished system should work as per the design specifications.DeploymentOnce the system has bee n developed and fully tested, it is implemented for the users to work with.Depending on the situation, some implementations may require parallel running.You will therefore have to keep both the old and new systems running for some time. Training the end users happens in this stage. Project ownership is also transferred to the client.This phase also enables you to get user feedback.MaintenanceAs the client continues using the new system, there will often arise the need to make changes and improvements.With new requirements, there will be need for additional functionality. Fine tuning the system can also be done for performance purposes. Performing scheduled upgrades can cover security gaps and any other need that arises.These phases are sometimes broken down further depending on the project type.For example, you may want to break the development phase into development and testing. You will then carry out the two activities separately.Deployment can at times have maintenance as part o f it in cases where there are rapid changes to the system requirements. This will however keep the project running for longer.THE 7 BASIC SDLC METHODOLOGIES YOU SHOULD KNOW OFHaving looked at the phases in the process of system development, we will now get into the different methodologies. After that, you will learn how to pick the best for your project.WaterfallThe waterfall is the classic SDLC methodology which has been used for many years.Being linear and sequential, it emphasizes on the need for a logical progression of the phases involved.One phase must be carried out to completion then it’s output used as the input for the next. Source: softwaretestinghelp.comA short discussion on what happens at all stages will be in order.Requirement AnalysisThis is the first stage at which the requirements of the new system are collected and analyzed.There should be enough details so that nothing is missed. As an information gathering stage, it is critical that the end users be engaged properly.Various ways should be used to ensure every possible need is captured. This is because once a certain stage is complete, you cannot go back to make changes.Ample time should be set for this stage.System DesignThis stage is all about coming up with the design specification of the system to be created.The system architecture is created and other aspects selected. Examples of these are the programming language and database to be used. This is done in accordance to the requirements in the first Phase.The design specification describes how the requirements of the system will be technically fulfilled. Data flow diagrams and other proces s diagrams are used to show the interactions between the parts of the system.ImplementationThis is the stage of actual system development. The different parts of the system are assigned to individuals or teams to deal with them. Database developers work on the database while system programmers handle the coding work.Network engineers can also be included for the networking part of the system. Some systems need particular networking capabilities which may call for specific network development.System TestingIn this phase, the developed system is tested to ensure it solves the problems raised in the requirements stage. Any bugs discovered are fixed to ensure the system works correctly.Bugs discovered mean that the system has to go back to the implementation stage for coding. If they are major, then this is given priority.System DeploymentAfter a rigorous testing phase, you install the system for the users to use. You will train the users and provide them with the necessary user guides. This is also where you hand the system over to the client. You will then reach an agreement on the maintenance and upgrade needs.System MaintenanceMaintenance is the final stage where you will perform system upgrades as well as bug fixes. New requirements which come up as a result of business growth will also be handled at this stage.AdvantagesProvides an opportunity to have clarity on the project’s progress. This is because the stages do not overlap. The project can only be in one stage at a particular time. Setting timelines for each stage can also be done.Since each stage has very specific deliverables, this model makes it easy to manage the project.With its rigidity, the system developers and the client adhere to strict discipline for the project. Focusing on the stages becomes a necessity.Adaptable to a changing team due to the extensive documentation done at every stage. The project is rarely dependent on one person. When someone joins the team, they can simply go through t he documentation and be able to catch up.DisadvantagesIt is very difficult to estimate the time and cost of each stage of the process.Does not allow for changes to be made once the process is in the testing stage. Only minimal fixes can be done.Not suitable for complex projects where requirements keep changing or cannot be known at the beginning.The extensive documentation happening at every stage takes a lot of time.It is almost impossible to include valuable client feedback once development starts.The system is only ready after all the processes are over.Major problems can occur at later stages when changes are needed.V-SHAPEDSimilar to the waterfall method, the V-Shaped model is linear and sequential though different.The difference is in the associated tests for every development stage. These are the tests which will be run after the coding phase to confirm that the requirements at each stage are met.It is also called the verification and validation model because every phase has a validation test attached to it. The left side of the ‘V’ has the verification phases while the right side has the validation phases. At the bottom is the coding phase.Below is an illustration of the model. Source: crackmba.comThe verification phases are used to check that all requirements have been factored into the system. The validation phases on the other hand confirm that the requirements have been met by the developed system.The stages involved in verification are:Requirements AnalysisThe functional and non-functional requirements are received from the users.These get documented in detail as per the communication from the customer. All the customer’s requirements should be understood.From these requirements, the user acceptance test is planned.Functional SpecificationThis phase is where the system design is planned for. Hardware, software and network requirements are considered before the actual design is agreed upon.The testing team comes up with a system test plan for running later after development.High Level DesignThis is where the architecture of the system is designed.Several technical approaches to the solution are suggested and discussed before reaching an agreement.A b lueprint of the system layout is made. This is what will be used for the next phase. The integration test plan is made at this point.Detailed Design / Program SpecificationAlso known as the module design phase, this stage has the system designed in detail.Care has to be taken when designing the modules for compatibility purposes.There should be compatibility among the system modules and with external systems. The unit or module test plan is made at this phase.The coding phaseThis is at the bottom of the ‘V’ and all the system designs are implemented at this stage. The best programming language is chosen and used to develop the system in accordance to the previously-defined designs. General coding standards are also adhered to.The validation phases then begin and follow the below order from the bottom up:Unit TestingAs the first level of testing and at the lowest level, the actual code is checked for bugs.The developed system is broken down into smaller units/modules. These are t hen analyzed to ensure they perform as expected. The unit test that was designed during the program specification phase is used in this stage.Integration TestingAfter the units have passed their tests, they are joined and their functionality is tested as a larger unit. Internal communication between the modules is checked as well as integration between the modules and external systems.This is the test which was designed during the high level design or architectural phase.System TestingThis test is done to check whether the system meets all the functional requirements outlined during the functional specification phase. Incompatibility with external systems will mostly be uncovered at this stage.At this point, the test is done on a complete system ready for deployment.User Acceptance TestingThis is the test prepared at the beginning of the system’s life cycle.Since it is based on the user requirements, it is run on the user environment. The user is to confirm that the system meets a ll his needs. There may be specific incompatibilities discovered at this stage.The cause may be the other systems running in the user environment. The development team may come up with solutions or suggested workarounds which are acceptable to the customer.Here is a video showing how the V-Shaped model is used mainly for it’s testing capabilities. AdvantagesEnables the team to detect errors early in the processThe close working of the development and testing teams helps increase the project’s successEasy to manage the process due to its rigidityIts strict flow ensures discipline in the whole process thus offering greater chances of successDisadvantagesInability to adapt to new requirements which may come up in the course of the projectNot the best for long-term projectsTends to focus on the business requirements more than the system development aspects. This may cause the complexities of system development to be overlooked.Does not avail a working system until late into the proj ectPROTOTYPINGThis model is mainly focused on providing an approximation of the final system at the initial stages.It is widely used when fixed requirements are not available. A prototype is built to show how the final product will look and work. With the prototype, there is no full functionality provided.The prototype is then subjected to tests by the customer to check if all the requirements are met.If not, more information is gathered. With the additional information, the prototype is updated and availed to the customer for further testing. It is only after the customer gives an approval that the production starts.The below illustration shows the stages of this SDLC model. Source: testingexcellence.comAdvantagesPrototypes make it easy for customers to give feedback as they get a feel of how the system will lookThe prototypes give the developing team an experience of the final product thus improving chances of successful development and implementationThe prototypes help to clarify user requirements which could otherwise have remained ambiguousUser involvement makes it better placed to cover all needs. It also increases chances of system acceptanceErrors are detected and fixed earlyDisadvantagesScope of the project may expand beyond what was initially expected or planned forIt can be very time consumingIf not monitored, too much effort may go into building the prototypes instead of building the actual systemUsers may confuse between the prototype and the final productFocus on the prototype may create a distraction from the complete projectSPIRALThis model uses a sequential approach while working like a prototype.This way, it delivers a system that is no t complete but is under constant review. The biggest differentiating aspect though is that it is focused on risk analysis. It is best suited for projects where risk management is critical.Below is an illustration of the spiral model. Source: airbrake.ioThe development team starts with a few requirements and goes through the whole process for those particular requirements. The stages are:Planning PhaseThis stage is for requirements gathering, feasibility studies and cost estimation.Risk AnalysisAnalysis of the requirements is done to identify potential risks. A risk mitigation strategy is then created to guide the development process.EngineeringThis is the stage of actual development of the software. Testing is also done and the system is deployed at the user environment.EvaluationThe customer reviews the software and gives feedback. Risk monitoring is also done at this stage. The risk mitigation strategy is confirmed to have worked well for the project.AdvantagesSuitable for large projects which are of a critical natureDrastically reduces the risks associated with developing big systemsSoftware is available at an early stage of the processGuarantees customer feedback in the development processNew functionality c an be added at later stagesDisadvantagesRequires expertise in risk analysis and mitigationUnsuitable for smaller projectsMight turn to be very costly due to required expertise and continuous cyclesThe below video shows how this works; ITERATIVEThe iterative model begins development by building only a part of the software.Full specifications of requirements are usually not known. The small part of the system developed is reviewed to identify further requirements.Every successful iteration produces a software build upon which more features are implemented. This continues until the final system is achieved.The below illustration shows this model’s phases: Source: airbrake.ioLet’s go through the phases for an understanding of how this model works.Planning and RequirementsThis is the phase of collecting user requirements and expectations.Analysis and DesignAn analysis of the requirements is done and the system is designed. Suggested solutions are discussed then one is picked. A technical representation of this solution is done.ImplementationThe actual development happens by translating the system design into code.TestingThe developed system is tested for any bugs. If found, they are fixed before deployment in the user environment.EvaluationThe system build is reviewed to check if it meets the specified requirements. This is also the stage where further requirements, if any, are collected.After this point, the current build is taken back to the planning phase together with the received feedback. The whole process (iteration) begins again. This cycle continues until the system is complete.AdvantageQuick software turnaround enables the c ustomer to give feedback from interacting with itSuitable for projects with changing requirements or those not clear from the onsetSince the software is built in the early stages of the system development, it is easy to detect and fix problemsOpen to valuable customer feedbackDisadvantagesThere might be design issues cropping up in the future since not all requirements were taken into account initially.New features being implemented may make the users request for more. The project may thus take longer than expectedContinuous and necessary customer involvement may be a burden to the clientNot suitable for small projectsINCREMENTALThis model focuses on building the whole system in small portions.It works quite similarly to the iterative model but the difference is that this approach starts with the full knowledge of requirements.This determines the number of smaller portions of the system to be built. When these portions are finished, they are delivered to the customer as complete mod ules.It uses the classical waterfall approach only that it does not build the whole system at once. Commonly confused and at times wrongly taken to be similar to the iterative model, it stands out because of two aspects:All requirements are known at the beginning of the project whereas with iterative, only a few are known. More are discovered as the user interacts with the delivered software build. It is important to understand that a software build is not a complete system but a developed part of the system which is undergoing testing.In the incremental model, the modules delivered are complete standalone parts of the whole project which offer extra functionality. With iterative, the new builds are simply working to adapt to new requirements.Here is an illustration of this model. Source: BBC BitesizeAdvantagesThe core part of the system is delivered early as the others followThe overall workload is reducedPrevents the effects of introducing a new system all at onceEach release adds extra functionalityReduces the chances of new requirements being introducedDisadvantagesRequires very good planning and designingNeeds a complete understanding of the system to be built before design beginsMight turn out to be more costly than envisionedNot suitable for small projectsRectifying a problem in one module may require corrections in other modulesAGILEThis method is used to counter the limitations of those which cannot cater for a fast-changing environment.Projects which use the agile approach always have their requirements changing quickly.This approach is based on the iterative and incremental processes. It guarantees customer satisfaction through quick deliverable parts of the whole systems. The cycles through which the system is delivered are called sprints.Technica lly speaking, the agile model is more of a framework or guideline than a distinct model. Various individual ‘sub-models’ exist to implement this approach. They include extreme programming (XP), Kanban and Scrum.The agile approach focuses on delivering a working software while ensuring customer collaboration.Interaction among team members and a quick response to changes is also vital. Here is an illustration of a typical agile software development model. Source: www.lucidchart.comAdvantagesQuickly delivers working software for the customer’s useFaster turnaround timesPromotes customer feedbackEasily adapts to changes in requirementsIssues are detected and fixed quicklyDisadvantagesDocumentation is usually lacking or not having enough detailsOverlapping phases make it difficult to measure project progressDifficult to estimate the project cost at the beginningThere is no enough time for the designing of the system architectureThe many cycles can distract the team from the overall goal of the projectTHE BEST METHODOLOGY TO USESo, which of the above 7 SDLC methodologies is best?To help answer this question, you will start by asking some other questions.These questions will help you understand the situation. Below is a list of some to start you off. You can add to them if need be.How big/complex is the project?How much expertise does your team have?What is the financial strength of the client?How much time is the client willing to give the project?What technologies are you going to use?Are all the requirements known and are they fixed?The answers to these questions will paint a picture of the situation. The situation will further determine the model to use.Let’s now look at a list of situations best suited for specific software development models.When to choose the waterfall modelWhen the requirements are clearly known and not prone to changeThe project is small and short-termWhen the project is to follow a strict procedureWhen strong documentation is requiredWhen you have enough resources and expertiseWhen to choose the v-shaped modelWhen the requirements are known and fixedThe technology to be used is well known by the teamThe project is shortWhen technical resources and expertise are availableWhen thorough testing is neededWhen to choose the prototyping modelWhen constant customer interaction is importantWhen there is need for a great user interfaceWhen building complex systemsWhen the requirements are not we ll knownWhen there is no great urgency in delivering the final systemWhen to choose the spiral modelWhen risk evaluation and avoidance is importantWhen requirements are not clearWhen the project is big and complexWhen changes are expectedWhen the technology to be used is not well knownWhen to choose the iterative modelWhen the project is bigWhen the requirements are not clear and prone to changesWhen there is need for proper documentationWhen the technology to be used may not be well knownWhen to choose the incremental modelWhen the project is bigWhen the requirements are clear and not subject to changeWhen there is need for proper documentationWhen to choose the agile modelThere is need for quick feedbackRequirements are not fully known or understoodWhen you have a passionate team or a mentor who will keep the team focused and motivatedWhen there is no strong requirement for proper documentationCONCLUSIONSoftware development is a process that requires proper collaboration between t he developer and client. This is what will ensure the project is successful.Whichever model you choose, you should be comfortable with it. If working with a team, the members should also be able to work with it.Developing teams may face fatigue when working on projects which require a fast turnaround or long working hours. It’s therefore important that the time to be used for daily and overall work be well planned for.With this knowledge, now it’s easy to make a decision for all your software development projects.Have you faced any challenges in this area? Share with us in the comments.

7 Basic Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) Methodologies Which One is Best

7 Basic Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) Methodologies Which One is Best After tons of meetings, follow up emails and numerous phone calls, you finally got the contract signed.Congratulations!Out of all the bidders, you are the one who proved capable of delivering the best software solution. You share this information with your team and its time to celebrate.Settling down, you start discussing the project. Leaving nothing to chance, you select only the best of your staff to form the project team. You schedule the kickoff meeting with the client. You list the topics of discussion and youre ready for take off.But are you really ready? Have you considered everything you need to check on before you start the project?You may be surprised to find out that there is one very important thing which many project managers dont give due attention to.It comes at the beginning of the project and needs careful focusDo you know what it is?It is the process of choosing the right Software Development Life Cycle methodology.You have already engaged the client and so are awar e of the kind of system or software product he expects you to develop.As a result, you have a mental picture of the whole process to be followed by your team.This is a good thing because you have to see the end of the project before embarking on it.All the same, to make the right choice of an SDLC methodology, you need to slow down a bit.You obviously know there are several to choose from and have a favorite one you normally use. But don’t just run with it because it works well. You need to find out whether it is the best for your current project. This way, you will avoid facing unnecessary challenges in the course of the project.For example, you may end up feeling cornered when some stages of the SDLC model you chose start overlapping.If this was not part of the plan, then it can open the door for some real problems.Or you may be asked by the client to include a few ‘small’ features into the software. This may happen when the process is past the stage which could accommodate that.As much as situations are rarely perfect, you should avoid getting into one like these.The last thing you want from your client is being asked questions like, “How come you cannot do that?” or “Didn’t you promise to deliver?” Since you started on a good note, endeavor to finish on one too.We will look at the various SDLC methodology types and see their strengths and weaknesses. We will also provide you with a helpful guideline to determine when best to use each one of them.But before getting into that, let’s first go through the basic processes of a software development life cycle.WHAT IS SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE (SDLC) ANYWAY?This is the process which a software system being developed goes through.The system itself is intended to be the solution to a problem. As is the case with most solutions, implementation takes place through a process.For example, when a company wants to expand its warehousing capacity, they have the option of either buying, renting or b uilding a warehouse.Whichever option they pick, they’ll have to go through a process of planning, surveying and final acquisition. Some of the things to be considered will be warehouse size, distance from the current warehouse and offices, number of new staff required etc.It is the same thing with software development. The Software Development Life Cycle is the process which guides you through the project from start to finish.Generally, there are stages involved in all the different methodologies. These stages are the steps of developing and implementing the solution. They are:PlanningThis is the phase where you do a feasibility study to ascertain the need for a new system.You will examine the Problems customers face and then look for possible solutions. An estimation of the resources needed for the new solution will also be necessary. These will usually be in the form of time, costs, personnel and any other factor to be considered.You will then develop a project plan and present it to the management. It is only after getting the approval that you proceed to the next phase.AnalysisIn this phase, you define the specific problems which the client has. Your team then suggests some solutions and settles on the best. All requirements should be clear to help you understand the client’s needs.The goal at this stage is to gather information. Various methods may be used including one-on-one interviews, group interviews or questionnaires. Observing people as they work is also a great way of collecting information. This will give you valuable information which may never be given verbally.The management should verify the requirements given by the end users to ensure they are within the project scope.DesignIn this phase, you describe the functions and features of the proposed solution in detail.You will use process diagrams, screen layouts and other tools to paint a picture of the solution.The design will also show how the processes will flow.As part of the details, yo u can also use entity relationship diagrams and pseudo-code.This is to ensure system engineers and developers understand what they are to create.DevelopmentThis is the phase where the system or software product gets created.In most cases, you would divide the work into units and have teams working on them.Alternatively, you can assign the units to individual experts according to their skill level. Database developers would handle the database needs, network engineers work on the network requirements while system programmers produce the actual system code.Testing is part of the development work and the test data is generated for this purpose.A major challenge in this phase is checking the code for semantic errors. These are the hardest to detect yet can cause great problems if they go unnoticed. For this reason, the test data should have known results for comparison against test results.The finished system should work as per the design specifications.DeploymentOnce the system has bee n developed and fully tested, it is implemented for the users to work with.Depending on the situation, some implementations may require parallel running.You will therefore have to keep both the old and new systems running for some time. Training the end users happens in this stage. Project ownership is also transferred to the client.This phase also enables you to get user feedback.MaintenanceAs the client continues using the new system, there will often arise the need to make changes and improvements.With new requirements, there will be need for additional functionality. Fine tuning the system can also be done for performance purposes. Performing scheduled upgrades can cover security gaps and any other need that arises.These phases are sometimes broken down further depending on the project type.For example, you may want to break the development phase into development and testing. You will then carry out the two activities separately.Deployment can at times have maintenance as part o f it in cases where there are rapid changes to the system requirements. This will however keep the project running for longer.THE 7 BASIC SDLC METHODOLOGIES YOU SHOULD KNOW OFHaving looked at the phases in the process of system development, we will now get into the different methodologies. After that, you will learn how to pick the best for your project.WaterfallThe waterfall is the classic SDLC methodology which has been used for many years.Being linear and sequential, it emphasizes on the need for a logical progression of the phases involved.One phase must be carried out to completion then it’s output used as the input for the next. Source: softwaretestinghelp.comA short discussion on what happens at all stages will be in order.Requirement AnalysisThis is the first stage at which the requirements of the new system are collected and analyzed.There should be enough details so that nothing is missed. As an information gathering stage, it is critical that the end users be engaged properly.Various ways should be used to ensure every possible need is captured. This is because once a certain stage is complete, you cannot go back to make changes.Ample time should be set for this stage.System DesignThis stage is all about coming up with the design specification of the system to be created.The system architecture is created and other aspects selected. Examples of these are the programming language and database to be used. This is done in accordance to the requirements in the first Phase.The design specification describes how the requirements of the system will be technically fulfilled. Data flow diagrams and other proces s diagrams are used to show the interactions between the parts of the system.ImplementationThis is the stage of actual system development. The different parts of the system are assigned to individuals or teams to deal with them. Database developers work on the database while system programmers handle the coding work.Network engineers can also be included for the networking part of the system. Some systems need particular networking capabilities which may call for specific network development.System TestingIn this phase, the developed system is tested to ensure it solves the problems raised in the requirements stage. Any bugs discovered are fixed to ensure the system works correctly.Bugs discovered mean that the system has to go back to the implementation stage for coding. If they are major, then this is given priority.System DeploymentAfter a rigorous testing phase, you install the system for the users to use. You will train the users and provide them with the necessary user guides. This is also where you hand the system over to the client. You will then reach an agreement on the maintenance and upgrade needs.System MaintenanceMaintenance is the final stage where you will perform system upgrades as well as bug fixes. New requirements which come up as a result of business growth will also be handled at this stage.AdvantagesProvides an opportunity to have clarity on the project’s progress. This is because the stages do not overlap. The project can only be in one stage at a particular time. Setting timelines for each stage can also be done.Since each stage has very specific deliverables, this model makes it easy to manage the project.With its rigidity, the system developers and the client adhere to strict discipline for the project. Focusing on the stages becomes a necessity.Adaptable to a changing team due to the extensive documentation done at every stage. The project is rarely dependent on one person. When someone joins the team, they can simply go through t he documentation and be able to catch up.DisadvantagesIt is very difficult to estimate the time and cost of each stage of the process.Does not allow for changes to be made once the process is in the testing stage. Only minimal fixes can be done.Not suitable for complex projects where requirements keep changing or cannot be known at the beginning.The extensive documentation happening at every stage takes a lot of time.It is almost impossible to include valuable client feedback once development starts.The system is only ready after all the processes are over.Major problems can occur at later stages when changes are needed.V-SHAPEDSimilar to the waterfall method, the V-Shaped model is linear and sequential though different.The difference is in the associated tests for every development stage. These are the tests which will be run after the coding phase to confirm that the requirements at each stage are met.It is also called the verification and validation model because every phase has a validation test attached to it. The left side of the ‘V’ has the verification phases while the right side has the validation phases. At the bottom is the coding phase.Below is an illustration of the model. Source: crackmba.comThe verification phases are used to check that all requirements have been factored into the system. The validation phases on the other hand confirm that the requirements have been met by the developed system.The stages involved in verification are:Requirements AnalysisThe functional and non-functional requirements are received from the users.These get documented in detail as per the communication from the customer. All the customer’s requirements should be understood.From these requirements, the user acceptance test is planned.Functional SpecificationThis phase is where the system design is planned for. Hardware, software and network requirements are considered before the actual design is agreed upon.The testing team comes up with a system test plan for running later after development.High Level DesignThis is where the architecture of the system is designed.Several technical approaches to the solution are suggested and discussed before reaching an agreement.A b lueprint of the system layout is made. This is what will be used for the next phase. The integration test plan is made at this point.Detailed Design / Program SpecificationAlso known as the module design phase, this stage has the system designed in detail.Care has to be taken when designing the modules for compatibility purposes.There should be compatibility among the system modules and with external systems. The unit or module test plan is made at this phase.The coding phaseThis is at the bottom of the ‘V’ and all the system designs are implemented at this stage. The best programming language is chosen and used to develop the system in accordance to the previously-defined designs. General coding standards are also adhered to.The validation phases then begin and follow the below order from the bottom up:Unit TestingAs the first level of testing and at the lowest level, the actual code is checked for bugs.The developed system is broken down into smaller units/modules. These are t hen analyzed to ensure they perform as expected. The unit test that was designed during the program specification phase is used in this stage.Integration TestingAfter the units have passed their tests, they are joined and their functionality is tested as a larger unit. Internal communication between the modules is checked as well as integration between the modules and external systems.This is the test which was designed during the high level design or architectural phase.System TestingThis test is done to check whether the system meets all the functional requirements outlined during the functional specification phase. Incompatibility with external systems will mostly be uncovered at this stage.At this point, the test is done on a complete system ready for deployment.User Acceptance TestingThis is the test prepared at the beginning of the system’s life cycle.Since it is based on the user requirements, it is run on the user environment. The user is to confirm that the system meets a ll his needs. There may be specific incompatibilities discovered at this stage.The cause may be the other systems running in the user environment. The development team may come up with solutions or suggested workarounds which are acceptable to the customer.Here is a video showing how the V-Shaped model is used mainly for it’s testing capabilities. AdvantagesEnables the team to detect errors early in the processThe close working of the development and testing teams helps increase the project’s successEasy to manage the process due to its rigidityIts strict flow ensures discipline in the whole process thus offering greater chances of successDisadvantagesInability to adapt to new requirements which may come up in the course of the projectNot the best for long-term projectsTends to focus on the business requirements more than the system development aspects. This may cause the complexities of system development to be overlooked.Does not avail a working system until late into the proj ectPROTOTYPINGThis model is mainly focused on providing an approximation of the final system at the initial stages.It is widely used when fixed requirements are not available. A prototype is built to show how the final product will look and work. With the prototype, there is no full functionality provided.The prototype is then subjected to tests by the customer to check if all the requirements are met.If not, more information is gathered. With the additional information, the prototype is updated and availed to the customer for further testing. It is only after the customer gives an approval that the production starts.The below illustration shows the stages of this SDLC model. Source: testingexcellence.comAdvantagesPrototypes make it easy for customers to give feedback as they get a feel of how the system will lookThe prototypes give the developing team an experience of the final product thus improving chances of successful development and implementationThe prototypes help to clarify user requirements which could otherwise have remained ambiguousUser involvement makes it better placed to cover all needs. It also increases chances of system acceptanceErrors are detected and fixed earlyDisadvantagesScope of the project may expand beyond what was initially expected or planned forIt can be very time consumingIf not monitored, too much effort may go into building the prototypes instead of building the actual systemUsers may confuse between the prototype and the final productFocus on the prototype may create a distraction from the complete projectSPIRALThis model uses a sequential approach while working like a prototype.This way, it delivers a system that is no t complete but is under constant review. The biggest differentiating aspect though is that it is focused on risk analysis. It is best suited for projects where risk management is critical.Below is an illustration of the spiral model. Source: airbrake.ioThe development team starts with a few requirements and goes through the whole process for those particular requirements. The stages are:Planning PhaseThis stage is for requirements gathering, feasibility studies and cost estimation.Risk AnalysisAnalysis of the requirements is done to identify potential risks. A risk mitigation strategy is then created to guide the development process.EngineeringThis is the stage of actual development of the software. Testing is also done and the system is deployed at the user environment.EvaluationThe customer reviews the software and gives feedback. Risk monitoring is also done at this stage. The risk mitigation strategy is confirmed to have worked well for the project.AdvantagesSuitable for large projects which are of a critical natureDrastically reduces the risks associated with developing big systemsSoftware is available at an early stage of the processGuarantees customer feedback in the development processNew functionality c an be added at later stagesDisadvantagesRequires expertise in risk analysis and mitigationUnsuitable for smaller projectsMight turn to be very costly due to required expertise and continuous cyclesThe below video shows how this works; ITERATIVEThe iterative model begins development by building only a part of the software.Full specifications of requirements are usually not known. The small part of the system developed is reviewed to identify further requirements.Every successful iteration produces a software build upon which more features are implemented. This continues until the final system is achieved.The below illustration shows this model’s phases: Source: airbrake.ioLet’s go through the phases for an understanding of how this model works.Planning and RequirementsThis is the phase of collecting user requirements and expectations.Analysis and DesignAn analysis of the requirements is done and the system is designed. Suggested solutions are discussed then one is picked. A technical representation of this solution is done.ImplementationThe actual development happens by translating the system design into code.TestingThe developed system is tested for any bugs. If found, they are fixed before deployment in the user environment.EvaluationThe system build is reviewed to check if it meets the specified requirements. This is also the stage where further requirements, if any, are collected.After this point, the current build is taken back to the planning phase together with the received feedback. The whole process (iteration) begins again. This cycle continues until the system is complete.AdvantageQuick software turnaround enables the c ustomer to give feedback from interacting with itSuitable for projects with changing requirements or those not clear from the onsetSince the software is built in the early stages of the system development, it is easy to detect and fix problemsOpen to valuable customer feedbackDisadvantagesThere might be design issues cropping up in the future since not all requirements were taken into account initially.New features being implemented may make the users request for more. The project may thus take longer than expectedContinuous and necessary customer involvement may be a burden to the clientNot suitable for small projectsINCREMENTALThis model focuses on building the whole system in small portions.It works quite similarly to the iterative model but the difference is that this approach starts with the full knowledge of requirements.This determines the number of smaller portions of the system to be built. When these portions are finished, they are delivered to the customer as complete mod ules.It uses the classical waterfall approach only that it does not build the whole system at once. Commonly confused and at times wrongly taken to be similar to the iterative model, it stands out because of two aspects:All requirements are known at the beginning of the project whereas with iterative, only a few are known. More are discovered as the user interacts with the delivered software build. It is important to understand that a software build is not a complete system but a developed part of the system which is undergoing testing.In the incremental model, the modules delivered are complete standalone parts of the whole project which offer extra functionality. With iterative, the new builds are simply working to adapt to new requirements.Here is an illustration of this model. Source: BBC BitesizeAdvantagesThe core part of the system is delivered early as the others followThe overall workload is reducedPrevents the effects of introducing a new system all at onceEach release adds extra functionalityReduces the chances of new requirements being introducedDisadvantagesRequires very good planning and designingNeeds a complete understanding of the system to be built before design beginsMight turn out to be more costly than envisionedNot suitable for small projectsRectifying a problem in one module may require corrections in other modulesAGILEThis method is used to counter the limitations of those which cannot cater for a fast-changing environment.Projects which use the agile approach always have their requirements changing quickly.This approach is based on the iterative and incremental processes. It guarantees customer satisfaction through quick deliverable parts of the whole systems. The cycles through which the system is delivered are called sprints.Technica lly speaking, the agile model is more of a framework or guideline than a distinct model. Various individual ‘sub-models’ exist to implement this approach. They include extreme programming (XP), Kanban and Scrum.The agile approach focuses on delivering a working software while ensuring customer collaboration.Interaction among team members and a quick response to changes is also vital. Here is an illustration of a typical agile software development model. Source: www.lucidchart.comAdvantagesQuickly delivers working software for the customer’s useFaster turnaround timesPromotes customer feedbackEasily adapts to changes in requirementsIssues are detected and fixed quicklyDisadvantagesDocumentation is usually lacking or not having enough detailsOverlapping phases make it difficult to measure project progressDifficult to estimate the project cost at the beginningThere is no enough time for the designing of the system architectureThe many cycles can distract the team from the overall goal of the projectTHE BEST METHODOLOGY TO USESo, which of the above 7 SDLC methodologies is best?To help answer this question, you will start by asking some other questions.These questions will help you understand the situation. Below is a list of some to start you off. You can add to them if need be.How big/complex is the project?How much expertise does your team have?What is the financial strength of the client?How much time is the client willing to give the project?What technologies are you going to use?Are all the requirements known and are they fixed?The answers to these questions will paint a picture of the situation. The situation will further determine the model to use.Let’s now look at a list of situations best suited for specific software development models.When to choose the waterfall modelWhen the requirements are clearly known and not prone to changeThe project is small and short-termWhen the project is to follow a strict procedureWhen strong documentation is requiredWhen you have enough resources and expertiseWhen to choose the v-shaped modelWhen the requirements are known and fixedThe technology to be used is well known by the teamThe project is shortWhen technical resources and expertise are availableWhen thorough testing is neededWhen to choose the prototyping modelWhen constant customer interaction is importantWhen there is need for a great user interfaceWhen building complex systemsWhen the requirements are not we ll knownWhen there is no great urgency in delivering the final systemWhen to choose the spiral modelWhen risk evaluation and avoidance is importantWhen requirements are not clearWhen the project is big and complexWhen changes are expectedWhen the technology to be used is not well knownWhen to choose the iterative modelWhen the project is bigWhen the requirements are not clear and prone to changesWhen there is need for proper documentationWhen the technology to be used may not be well knownWhen to choose the incremental modelWhen the project is bigWhen the requirements are clear and not subject to changeWhen there is need for proper documentationWhen to choose the agile modelThere is need for quick feedbackRequirements are not fully known or understoodWhen you have a passionate team or a mentor who will keep the team focused and motivatedWhen there is no strong requirement for proper documentationCONCLUSIONSoftware development is a process that requires proper collaboration between t he developer and client. This is what will ensure the project is successful.Whichever model you choose, you should be comfortable with it. If working with a team, the members should also be able to work with it.Developing teams may face fatigue when working on projects which require a fast turnaround or long working hours. It’s therefore important that the time to be used for daily and overall work be well planned for.With this knowledge, now it’s easy to make a decision for all your software development projects.Have you faced any challenges in this area? Share with us in the comments.

Transnational Corporations And Human Rights Violations Essay

Introduction This essay’s thesis is that there is currently a lack legal apparatuses that can be used to hold transnational corporations liable for human rights violations; specifically violation of labour rights. This paper seeks to discuss various legal instruments that are applicable to transnational corporations and human rights violations. It will also provide theoretical framework for understanding the nature of human rights and legal framework of labour laws. This essay will address the following questions: What is the legal status of transnational corporations? How can current legal apparatuses be used to hold transnational corporations accountable for human rights violations? This essay will also consider the case of human right violations by Nike Corporation in order to show that external pressures can produce development and accountability. 2. Transnational Corporations Current legal mechanisms of accountability fail to account for the fluid nature and power of influence that transnational corporations possess. Transnational Corporations are not static in nature and have tremendous economic and political influence over government policies. These factors result in a lack of due diligence for transnational corporations to uphold human rights. TNCs are economic and legal entities. In theory, TNCs are subject to the law of a country, to the jurisdiction of its courts, but often this is abandoned by the government of countries. TNCs have tremendous influenceShow MoreRelatedHow Transnational Corporations Affect the Sovereignty of a Nation?676 Words   |  3 PagesHow Transnational Corporations Affect the Sovereignty of a Nation Analysts agree that TNCs have altered the international relations principles that were once dominated by nation-state relations (Kline, 2005).Transnational Corporations have in many ways exploited the weaknesses in the territorially guarded national laws. In many developing countries, organizations affiliated to external control have challenged and in some instances threatened government sovereignty. Economically stable countriesRead MoreWhat Can Post Democracy Tell Us About Mncs And Extraterritorial Violations Of Human Rights?1195 Words   |  5 PagesWhat can Post-Democracy tell us about TNCs and Extraterritorial Violations of Human Rights? In Colin Crouch’s Post-Democracy (2004), we are presented with the prospect of a society in which the global firm is the central institution, government policy is increasingly captured by elite and corporate interests, and the middle class has but a tenuous grasp on its sense of political identity. The trappings of democracy - in the form of free elections - are in place, yet the state is increasingly hollowedRead MoreHow Has Globalization Impacted Human Rights?1115 Words   |  5 PagesLet me start by defining basic human rights which the UN member countries agreed to provide to there citizens they are : *Right to live *Right to fair working wage *Right to health care *Right to clean water how has globalization impacted human rights ? well in a very negative way The results of globalization is poverty, child and sweatshop labor, increased AIDS death, and many other discontents, except for the corrupt politicians, there relatives and political party higher ups ie. peopleRead MoreHuman Rights And Non Governmental Organizations1813 Words   |  8 Pagescentury has been seen as a turning point for human rights. Many business people and ethicists believe that it is time for businesses to start following human rights. There is however the lack of agreement of human rights laws from transnational corporations. Transnational corporations support human rights by providing jobs with livable wages and show respect for rule of law. However, transnational corporations are also known for violating human rights laws by providing very unsafe working conditionsRead MoreThe Negative Impact of Multinational Corporations on Lesser-Developed Countries (LDCs)1188 Words   |  5 PagesA corporation is a form of business organization where the firm is a legal entity separate from its owners. As corporations grow and become multinational, their interests and influence extend accordingly. The decisions made by these corporations are always made with a primary goal of increasing profits. Needless to say, the decisions taken by corporations often regard public interests as inferior to their own, so many of their decisions have a calamitous impression on the public. The multinationalRead MoreGlobal Marketplace Essay1118 Words   |  5 Pagesfactors driving globalization, the role of transnational corporations is particularly important. Giddens defines transnational corporations as â€Å"companies that produce goods or market services in more than one country† (Giddens, 461). These companies may be relatively small firms with one or two factories outside the country in which they are based or gigantic international ventures whose operations crisscross the globe. The operations of these corporations stretch across national borders, influencingRead MoreGlobalization And Its Impact On The World s Resurgence After The Cold War943 Words   |  4 Pagesand spread/intensification of nonstate actors. Thirdly, in regards to the latter, the institutions of globalizations may take the form of non state embodiments most prominently through Multinational Corporations (MNCs)/Transnational Cor porations (TNCs), nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), Transnational Advocacy Networks (TANs), and Intergovernmental organizations (IGOs). In last, there are an expansive demographic and cultural dimensions to this world consolidation and also profoundly in politicalRead MoreBP’s Sustainability Struggle Essay881 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction BP (British Petroleum) is a global corporation that discovers, extracts, transports and refines oil and gas in order to provide energy to the world. The crude oil is refined into much needed products such as high quality fuel, motor oils, bitumen and other chemicals found in every-day items such as adhesives and cosmetics. A difficult challenge primarily from operating on a multinational scale in the petroleum industry is managing a diverse range as well as a large number of sustainabilityRead MoreThe West And Azerbaijan Analysis1384 Words   |  6 PagesThe West and Azerbaijan: How Western Political and Economic Strategy Triumphed Human Rights Azerbaijan is a small republic in the South Caucasus, bordered by Georgia and Armenia to the West, and, notably, Russia and Iran to the north and south respectively. Formerly a member state of the USSR, Azerbaijan formally declared its independence in 1992 after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Soon after declaring independence, Azerbaijan largely turned to the West and for military and economic supportRead More** Due Saturday. Upload By Noon If Finished Them.. Maya1645 Words   |  7 PagesWhat is the relationship between how a public health issue is framed and how efficiently a Multinational Corporation can be held accountable? Using the case studies of the Tobacco Industry and the case specific Fossil Fuel Industry, ExxonMobil, I intend to research the impacts of the impact framing an issue framed has on the effectiveness of holding an industry accountable for their violations. To determine how the issue was framed in the eyes of society, I will try to establish the various a ctors

Essay on Fidel Castro - 1274 Words

Fidel Castro The first journey for Christopher Columbus to the New World landed him in what we know as present day Cuba. The Spaniards occupied the island because of the great location and marketable importance that came about in the eighteenth century. Throughout time, Cuba has been under the control of dominant countries, such as Spain and the United States. The colonization process has been the consistent factor in Latin American countries, leaving the colonized without a sense of nationality. Once a country, such as Cuba gains independence, the question is now what will we do? Usually the first form of government the country tries to establish does not last long after the colonization period. With all the problems†¦show more content†¦The United States will not just sit back and let Spain destroy its new economic interest. The USS MAINE was on maneuvers when it exploded in the Havana harbor. This infuriated President McKinley, which led Congress to declare war on Spain. Th e Spaniards did not stand a chance against the U.S. and granted Cuba independence in December of 1898. Cuba had now gained its independence from Spain, but would remain under the control of the United States government. The United States built roads, sewer systems, and schools so Cubans could be civilized. The U.S. government leaders saw nothing contradictory in their presiding over Cubas emergence as an independent nation.(Smith p.265) The United States decided that Cuba could not govern itself just yet, so the U.S. felt it necessary to incorporate the Platt Amendment. This gave the U.S. the right to literally run the economy, veto international commitments, and intervene in domestic politics of Cuba. Cubas first president Tomas Estrada Palma, was like the sidekick to the United States because he wanted Cuba to be annexed by the U.S. The Nationalist did not approve of Yankee dominance and kept Jose Martis dream alive. Palma won a second term by election fraud. The election fraud led to a revolt, which forced the U.S. military to occupy the island for three years. Bad Batista During the 1920s and 1930s Cuba experienced the most fraudulent and vile governmentShow MoreRelatedFidel Castro2633 Words   |  11 PagesThere are many views that people have of Cuba’s Fidel Castro. Castro is a figure with opinions on both ends of the spectrum. While he is not worldly popular at this point in his life, he was immensely beneficial to his country. Fidel Castro, leader of Cuba for the past 50 years may not be viewed in the best light, but he did phenomenal things for his people which makes him one of the most undervalued and overlooked political figures. Fidel Castro Ruz was born in Biran, Cuba on August 13, 1926 (BritannicaRead MoreFidel Castro5049 Words   |  21 PagesFidel Castro’s Influence on the Cuban Revolution, 1953-1959 The year was 1953 and Fidel Castro was a dashing and daring reformer that was determined to make a impact in a country that was ruled by an unjust president. With the Movement strong and confident, Castro delivered these strong words to his group of men: â€Å"In a few hours you will be victorious or defeated, but regardless of the outcome – listen well, friends – this Movement will triumph. If you win tomorrow, the aspirations of Martà ­ willRead MoreFidel Castro Is Alive1443 Words   |  6 Pages Upon his release, Castro went to Mexico where he spent the next year organizing the 26th of July Movement, which was based on the date of the failed Santiago de Cuba barracks attack. On December 2, 1956, Castro and the rest his fellow rebels of the 26th of July Movement landed on Cuban soil with the intention of starting a revolution. They were only met with the welcome of heavy Batista defenses, causing nearly everyone in the Movement to be killed. Barely anyone escaped, and those who did whichRead MoreBiography of Fidel Castro1982 Words   |  8 PagesFidel Castro was born on August 13, 1926 in the Bà ­ran, Cuba. (See Figure 5) Fidel grew up in wealthier circumstances than most Cubans at the time, amid the massive and growing poverty. His father, à ngel Castro y Argiz, was originally an immigrant from Spain. During Fidel’s childhood, à ngel was a fairly prosperous sugarcane farmer on a farm that had been dominated by United States owned United Fruit Company. His mother , Lina Ruz Gonzalez, was a maid to Angels first wife, during Fidel’s infancy. ByRead MoreThe Life of Fidel Castro631 Words   |  3 Pages Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz, born in Birà ¡n, Cuba on August 13, 1926, changed his country ever since he came to power. Castro’s father, à ngel Castro y Argiz, was a wealthy plantation owner and was an immigrant from Galicia, Spain. His mother, Lina Ruz Gonzà ¡lez, was à ngel’s mistress and house servant while à ngel was still married to Maria Luisa Argota. Castro was educated in many Jesuit boarding schools, from grade school to middle school, in which he was a mediocre student and was not well behavedRead MoreEssay on Fidel Castro3330 Words   |  14 PagesFidel Castro In 1959, a rebel, Fidel Castro, overthrew the reign of Fulgencia Batista in Cuba; a small island 90 miles off the Florida coast. There have been many coups and changes of government in the world since then. Few if any have had the effect on Americans and American foreign policy as this one. In 1952, Sergeant Fulgencia Batista staged a successful bloodless coup in Cuba . Batista never really had any cooperation and rarely garnered much support. His reign was markedRead MoreEssay on Fidel Castro855 Words   |  4 Pages Biography of Fidel Castro Fidel Castro was born on August 14, 1927 in Mayari, Cuba. His parents were relatively wealthy and owned a sugarcane plantation. During his childhood, he attended private Catholic Schools and graduated to attend the University of Havana in 1945. His teachers immediately noticed Fidels amazing memory, which he used to memorize entire books. At the university, he majored in law studies and became a member of several groups that opposed the Cuban regime, aiding exiles fromRead More fidel castro Essay866 Words   |  4 PagesCuba and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republic (USSR). Fidel Castro is a Cuban revolutionary, who took control of Cuba in 1959 and established a Communist dictatorship. Castro, who was born in Mayari, became the leader of an underground, anti-government faction. In 1956, he led a rebellion that won increasing popular support. Eventually Castro forced Batista y Zaldivar, who was the premier of Cuba to flee the country. Once in power Castro executed and imprisoned thousands of political opponentsRead MoreFidel Castro Essay590 Words   |  3 PagesFidel Castro Fidel Castro Ruz was born on August 13, 1926, on his familys sugar plantation near Biran, Oriente province, Cuba. His father, originally an immigrant laborer from Galicia, Spain, became owner of a 23,000-acre plantation. As a boy, Castro worked in the familys sugar cane fields and at 6 years old convinced his parents to send him to school. He attended two Jesuit institutions, the Colegio Lasalle and the Colegio Dolores, both in Santiago. In 1942 he entered the ColegioRead MoreWho is Fidel Castro?2567 Words   |  10 PagesFidel Castro is arguably one of the most famous political leaders to ever live. He is internationally recognized for being a revolutionary, a supporter of communism, and an opposition of imperialism. Eugenia Charles is just as influential and recognizable around the World. She was the first female lawyer and Prime Minister of Dominica, and only the second female Prime Minister in Caribbean History. The contributions these two individuals have had on their respective nations have led to massive improvements

Ruthless College Admission Letter Strategies Exploited

Ruthless College Admission Letter Strategies Exploited Some schools wish to observe a strong written voice and plenty of personality in a letter, while some search for the ability to write crisply and professionally. Setting down the perfect addresses in the most suitable places allows me to do precisely that. You ought to be clear about why you would want to sign up for a specific program. Keep in mind that you're competing with prospective foreign students from all around the world for a limited number of spaces. As it's an official paperwork, thus, it has to be framed with a professional yet gracious strategy, despite of its content. You have to be able to have a great pitch so you may impress them. It is extremely important for the student to showcase their skills in the most effective fashion and apply the marketing tactics to find the admission. The Do's and Don'ts of College Admission Letter If you're looking for College Admission Letter Sample you've come to the cor rect place. Interest Interest is paramount in regards to deciding on a bachelors degree. 2 Show them which you know about their particular college. Show what you plan to do once you have completed the program. There's a cutthroat competition in every field for students nowadays. A well-written college application letter can help you get into the college of your pick. You should send your deposit at once if you are applying for financial aid or whether you intend to reside in university housing. You may check on the internet to find the status of your application. Don't be scared to request an extension beyond May 1 to make your choice. One, she would like to understand who the letter is all about. As you brainstorm just what you wish to communicate in your letter, remember ways to structure your thoughts based on the recommendation letter template described above. It is crucial to understand what should include in admission letter before you commence writing this letter. A cover letter works well together with a letter. Indeed, there are numerous advantages of sending an official acceptance letter, a few of which will be discussed below in more detail. There are lots of uses an admission letter may have depending on the way that it is written and the purpose on why it's been made. Since the admission procedure is getting more competitive, thus there's no letter format that could grantee you admission. There are not many indispensable aspects which must not be missed out while drafting the next letters. Consult with the fact lists in different components of your application (as my academic record shows), but you should be certain to provide enough examples in your letter so it can stand alone. You are able to take assistance from software packages, templates and Performa that are extremely excellent to force you to get convenient in preparing such documents in same format and expert appearance. If you mail your program, make sure that you get in touch with the admissions office to verify your application was received. Your application could have been lost, or an important piece could be missing. The Argument About College Admission Letter A reference letter should state the trustworthiness of the author in the very start of a letter. Waiting for a college acceptance letter can be a difficult time, but attempt to relax. In the event you and your helper can't agree on the appropriate grammar for a specific phrase, rewrite the phrase to prevent the thorny matter.

Dry Fruits free essay sample

Dried fruit is fruit that has been dried, either naturally or through use of a machine, such as a dehydrator. Vine fruits make up over three-quarters of the total global dried fruit volume. Prunes (also referred to as plums) and dates are other examples of popular dried fruits in the EU. Dried fruit has a long shelf life and can therefore provide a good alternate to fresh fruit, allowing out of season fruits to be available. Drying is a good way to preserve fruit in the absence of refrigeration. Dried fruit and vegetables are whole, cut, sliced, broken or powdered, but not prepared further. In addition to drying, certain preservatives may be added to maintain the equality. For instance, sulphur dioxide is added to prevent fruit discolouring. The use and content of preservatives in food is regulated by the EU (see also paragraph 10 on legislative requirements in the CBI market survey ‘The preserved fruit and vegetable market in the EU’ and chapter 5 of this Survey). We will write a custom essay sample on Dry Fruits or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Organic dried fruit is produced without sulphur which results in dark fruit and the flavour is much more characteristic. Vine fruits Vine fruits are essentially dried grapes and comprise sultanas, raisins and currants. The sultana is a soft, juicy, amber coloured fruit with a very sweet flavour. It is largely produced from a seedless white grape and varies in shape from round to oval according to variety. The majority is produced from the Thompson seedless grape. The sultana has its own distinctive sun-drying treatment which varies depending on origin, but which differentiates it from a raisin. One method is to spray the grape with a vegetable-based drying oil, prior to sun-drying. The actual sun-drying process can also vary, depending on country of origin. One method is to sun-dry the clusters of fruit on racks in partial shade. Another method is to place the fruit in the open sun on specially shaped drying areas. Drying can take from a week to ten days until the moisture content has been reduced sufficiently (to around 16%) to produce succulent sultanas. The fruit is then washed and cleaned and given a fine coating of vegetable oil. This keeps the fruit moist and prevents the berries from sticking together. Raisins, dark brown and wrinkled with a sweet mellow flavour, are produced from unseeded or seeded, white or black grapes. The vast majority is, however, produced from the seedless white Thompson grape. A grape becomes a raisin when its moisture content has been reduced through sun-drying, to around 16%. The grape is harvested when ripened to its fullest and is picked in clusters. At this stage the methods implemented for sun-drying vary greatly in accordance with the different countries of origin. Methods used include drying the grapes on clean paper trays between the vines, or placing the grapes on special concrete drying areas. The fruit lies in the full blaze of the sun, as opposed to partial shade, for 2-3 weeks until the grapes moisture content has been reduced to around 16% into the caramel brown raisin we are familiar with. The raisins, as with sultanas, are packed into storage bins to keep the fruit moist, and are washed and oiled before export. Currants are dried, black, seedless grapes. All currants derive from the same variety of grape known as the Corinth and this is from where the word â€Å"currant† originated. The methods for sun-drying currants vary according to the climate and soil of the region, but keeping the grape in the shade for the first part of the drying period is said to produce the best quality currants. Dried tropical fruits such as mangoes, papayas, and bananas are becoming a more common item in European health food stores and supermarkets, where they are sold pre-packed in cellophane bags as well as in bulk (by weight). Usually, these products are sold with sugar added for sweetness and sulphur added for color retention, although â€Å"all natural† product is preferred by the health food stores. Other major developed markets, such as Japan, purchase dried tropical fruits, but in much smaller quantities. Customers The major customers of dried tropical fruits are (a) the dried fruit and nut industry (selling mixed retail packs consisting of dried tropical fruits and other dried fruits and nut, also selling retail packs consisting solely of one dried tropical fruit); (2) breakfast cereal industry (mostly in musli); and (3) the confectionary industry (in fruit and health bars, ingredients to chocolate bars). In most countries, importers or agents act as intermediaries, although some of the packers and food processors also import directly. Health risk: Infestation of dried apricot in bags under laboratory conditions. 185 Mites were found on the exterior of the packing during inspection, which indicates 186 that they migrated from the inside of the infested packing to the surface. The packing differed in its protection to the mite infestation and decreased from polypropylene 188 back with aluminum foil, cellophane sac, polypropylene bag to plastic bag. However, 189 after six months, the mites penetrated into all types of packing. The highest numbers 190 of mites were observed in plastic bags packing. Our field data from supermarkets showed a contamination density with a 231 maximum of 650 individuals per g of dried food. The simulation model indicates that 232 such levels of contamination can be reached quickly during storage of contaminated 233 dried fruit in supermarkets or consumers’ kitchens. From a hypothetical initial mite 234 population of 10 individuals, the risk level observed in supermarkets (650 individuals) 235 is reached very quickly: 42 days of population multiplication on dried figs, 49 days on dried pineapple and 63 days on dried apricots, dates and plums (Figure 2) in 237 hypothetical temperature 25 ? C. The labeled time for consumption is half a year or longer; however, mites are not 239 detected by buyers, consumers, or inspectors in this time frame because the mites 240 are not visible to the human eye due to their small size. Similar observations have 241 been made in grain stores, in which farmers seriously underrated the risk of 242 infestation by mites and psocids (Stejskal and Hubert 2008) because mite 243 contamination was not visible due to the microscopic size of the mites. Exploitation of dried fruit as a carrier of functional ingredients is a relatively new concept, although the functional properties of such products originated from the nature of drying process, where the removal of water leads to a natural concentration of healthy fruit components. Even taking into consideration the fact that traditional drying technology leads to serious losses of bioactive compounds, dried fruit can still be a valuable source not only of energy, dietary fibre and minerals, but also of anti-oxidant activity. Natives in Canada used to dry berries in order to have enough vitamin C during the off-season to protect them against scurvy (Turner, 1997). Due to the application of modern technology, the matrix of fruits and vegetables can be fortified with healthpromoting compounds such as prebiotics, vitamins, or minerals. This is considered to be an important area for future research into the development of functional food markets (Alzamora et al. , 2005; Fito et al. , 2001). Based on the natural potential of fruit, and the opportunities offered by modern technology, the idea arose within the ISAFRUIT Integrated Project to develop novel, convenient, dried fruit products with functional properties that could contribute to the increased consumption of healthy products. New food product development, especially those with functional properties, represents a high risk for any company (van Trijp and Steenkamp, 2005; van Kleef et al. 2002; 2005). Statistics show that many functional food products, even when developed from a sound scientific point of view, encounter poor market acceptance (Hilliam, 1998). Approx. 75% of newly launched food products are withdrawn from the food market during their first 2 years (Menrad, 2003). Consumer acceptance of a specific functional ingredient is linked to consumer knowled ge of its health effects, thus, the first essential step in product development is to explore which diseases consumers are actually concerned about (van Kleef et al. 2005; Menrad, 2003). To consume functional foods, consumers also need to know what benefit they will get from consuming a particular food, and why (Wansink et al. , 2005). For many years, in the European Union, using disease-related information on packages or in product advertisements for a functional food was forbidden (Menrad, 2003). In July 2007, regulations on the nutritional and health claims that can be made for a food were introduced (EC Reg. No. 1924/2006). This provides the food industry with new legislation opportunities to design innovative products with added nutritional value (Schaafsma and Kok, 2005). Apart from the proper formulation of health claims, the product should also be presented in an attractive form so that consumers can accept easily it (van Kleef et al. , 2005). . Statistics show that many functional food products, even when developed from a sound scientific point of view, encounter poor market acceptance (Hilliam, 1998). Approx. 75% of newly launched food products are withdrawn from the food market during their first 2 years (Menrad, 2003). Consumer acceptance of a specific functional ingredient is linked to consumer knowledge of its health effects, thus, the first essential step in product development is to explore which diseases consumers are actually concerned about (van Kleef et al. , 2005; Menrad, 2003). To consume functional foods, consumers also need to know what benefit they will get from consuming a particular food, and why (Wansink et al. , 2005). For many years, in the European Union, using disease-related information on packages or in product advertisements for a functional food was forbidden (Menrad, 2003). In July 2007, regulations on the nutritional and health claims that can be made for a food were introduced (EC Reg. No. 1924/2006). This provides the food industry with new legislation opportunities to design innovative products with added nutritional value (Schaafsma and Kok, 2005). Apart from the proper formulation of health claims, the product should also be presented in an attractive form so that consumers can accept easily it (van Kleef et al. , 2005). Conclusion: In this study, a tendency was observed that consumers appreciated candies and muesli bars with dried fruit and with natural fruit sugars. It seems that this type of product could benefit from adding dried fruit with natural fruit sugars. Similarly, Bech-Larsen et al. (2001) noticed that consumers do not increase the healthiness of yoghurts and juices with functional ingredients because these products are already perceived as being healthy per se. In contrast, spreads could benefit from functional enrichment, because this product is perceived as inherently unhealthy. Risks: Surveys of European and US dried tropical fruit importers, conducted in March 1998, found that importers are less interested in sun-dried product and very competitive overall. The perception is that the product will have too many foreign products (insect fragments, defects, spoilage, microbiological problems, bacteria) and will not pass food safety regulations. Some would be willing to look at the sun dried product and see whether it meets specifications however, all stressed that the market is well supplied and that new entrants must have some comparative advantage in terms of price or presentation. http://www. foodnet. cgiar. org/market/Uganda/reports/Driedfruits. PDF Nutrition: * â€Å"Soft† dry fruit (apricots, raisins, dates, figs, prunes†¦) are rich in arbohydrates and low in fat. They are sources of fibre, vitamins and minerals (vitamin A in the form of beta-carotene, vitamins E and niacin (PP), iron, magnesium†¦). The fragility of vitamin C means that there is virtually none in dried fruit. The richness of the carbohydrates contained within their small volume makes dry fruit a favourite food of  sports  people during or after p hysical exertion (mountain biking, hiking, walking, marathon running, etc ). The most calorie-rich of these foods are raisins (1340 kJ/100 g or 320 kcal/100 g) followed by dates (1255 kJ/100g or 300 kcal/100 g). The richest in potassium and sodium are dried apricots. Dried banana has the highest magnesium content. Figs have the most calcium. * Nuts (walnuts, hazelnuts, almonds) are rich in  oil: they provide energy in the form of lipids (fatty acids, especially mono- and polyunsaturated ones), and therefore have a very high calorie content (2510 kJ/100g or 600 kcal/100 g). They are rich in fibre, minerals (magnesium, calcium, iron, phosphorus†¦) and vitamins (B1, B2, B5, B6, B9, E, PP). http://www. eufic. org/page/en/page/faq/faqid/fruit-dry-nutritional-benefits/ sulphur dioxide Allergic reaction ~ Asthma

Motivation as a Manager Essay Sample free essay sample

Introduction In this ever-changing working environment. motive is basically of import to accomplish the aims of administrations. which are chiefly effectiveness and efficiency. So. what precisely is motive? Motivation refers to the psychological forces that determine a person’s behavior. and can be divided into two facets – intrinsic and extrinsic. Intrinsic motive refers to motive that is derived from one’s ain interest. while extrinsic motive is derived from behavior that is affected by external forces. such as stuff wagess or to avoid penalty ( Fang A ; Kant. 2011 ) . Motivation has been defined by many as: the psychological procedure that gives behaviour intent and way ( Kreitner. 1995 ) ; a sensitivity to act in a purposive mode to accomplish specific. unmet demands ( Buford. Bedeian A ; Lindner. 1995 ) . The simplest. possibly. would be that motive gets employees to work hard for the benefit of the administration. ( Sager. 1979 ) There has been extended research on the subject of motive. which has spawned several theories by legion writers. We will write a custom essay sample on Motivation as a Manager Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Harmonizing to Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs. employees have five degrees of demands which are: physiological. safety. societal. self-importance. and self- realization ( Maslow. 1943 ) . Knowing the demands that employees require. administrations can seek to carry through them in order to better their employees’ public presentation. However. while the demands of the employees are fulfilled by the administration as a whole. it is noted that the motive of employees are dependent on their direct directors every bit good. In a survey. employees place equal importance on the extent of how their administration and direct director fulfil their demands. ( Nohria ; Groysberg and Lee. 2008 ) Therefore. to guarantee organizational efficiency. directors play an of import function in understanding what motivates employees within the context of the functions they perform. ( Lindner. 1998 ) To understand more about direction in the existent universe. an interview was conducted with 3 different directors. With the purpose in head. Manager as a Motivator. we managed to obtain several points worthy of note. These points will be discussed at length in our analysis subdivision on how it corresponds with theories. every bit good as the grounds why if it does non. We will so be looking at the penetrations that we have discovered through these interview. followed by the decision. Background of Interviewee # 1 Adrian Chye is the General Manager of Mediafreaks Pte Ltd and Chief Operating Officer of Mediafreaks Cartoon Pte Ltd and Character Farm Pte Ltd. which is an award-winning new media and 3D life studio whose clients include large companies such as Energizer and Kraft. He has been closely involved in the development and planning of company schemes traveling frontward. ( Media-Freaks. com. 2010 ) Type of Motivational Methods Used Adrian Chye defines his direction manner as results-oriented. and will honor or penalize based on virtues and errors. He believes that the chief challenges and troubles a director face is acquiring employees to work smarter and harder. To accomplish this. he uses motive as a type of managerial accomplishments. along with others such as chiseled ends. and clear account of functions and duties for everyone His motivational methods include pecuniary inducements in the signifier of public presentation fillip. team-building activities to increase coherence and communicating between employees and directors. every bit good as working closely with employees so that he is able to supply self-generated feedbacks and be closely involved with the their preparation. To accommodate to the new concern clime brought approximately by globalization and technological invention. he believes that goal-setting contributes to effectiveness and efficiency in the company. and that it is best to affect employees in the decision-making procedure. as he feels that this can assist to actuate employees. and on-the-ground feedback means that he as a director can put ambitious ends for his employees. Having worked in abroad. he has seen cultural differences in footings of the methods used to pull off employees in different states. and believe that it is an of import point to see in footings of the attack used to actuate employees. Particularly with respects to the hiring of foreign endowments in Singapore. he believes that particular attention demands to be taken to guarantee that any clangs in civilization do non estrange these employees. Last. Chye notes that his company have non used any profiling trial to choose possible employees. and merely feels that there is no demand for it as a simple face-to-face interview would do. Background of Interviewee # 2 Mr Tan Chew Kwang is a Process Engineering Manager working for Beyonics Technology. Beyonics Technology has several workss around Asia. Beyonics Technology Limited is a taking supplier of advanced contract fabrication services to original equipment makers. Beyonics Technology Limited purposes to turn strategic fabricating partnerships with its portfolio of world-class. leading-edge clients. This will be achieved through its supply concatenation leading. vertically incorporate operations. strong client focal point every bit good as the synergisms of its dedicated and motivated direction squad. ( Beyonics. com. 2012 ) Type of Motivational Methods Used The key to Tan’s direction manner is two manner communicating as he mention that he would wish employee’s feedback and work together with them if they need help to work out issues. He besides mentioned that actuating employees is portion and package of a director occupation and the method used by him in actuating employee is that a director must foremost understand the single demand of an employee before make up ones minding a suited method to actuate them. In this manner. best consequences can be obtained. His two manner communicating method is one manner in which he can understand his employee by obtaining feedback. Due to occupation demands. Tan normally travel to China. Due to the cultural difference. he noticed that the people at that place need to be â€Å"pushed† in order to acquire the occupation done. This leads to the demand for him to utilize different pull offing methods as compared to what he used when working in Malaysia. There is a demand for the alteration in motive method to guarantee maximal efficiency and effectivity when pull offing the two different states. Another job faced by him is that the chief communicating media is in China is Mandarin. which leads to a small trouble in pass oning with them. Excess attempt is required to guarantee that the right message is pass down. Tan says that it is of import to put ends in an organisation as this will mensurate an employee part to the organisation. Rewarding will be based on their part as it serves as a measuring of their public presentation. Tan mentioned that his organisation make usage of profiling trial to choose possible employees. He says that it is an effectual manner to happen out the right employee for the right occupation. To him. profiling trial is a fast and effectual manner to acquire an employee to make full up a place that requires certain particular accomplishment. In decision. Tan feels that as a middle-line director. he is being sandwiched between the top direction and the staff coverage to him. There is a demand for him to take attention of both degrees. Given a opportunity to better. he would wish to better the manner his organisation work. Presently. his organisation is utilizing the carrot and cane method to honor the employee and he feels that this should be changed as it creates an unhealthy working environment. Background of Interviewee # 3 Mr Ong Wei Siang is an Authorized Military officer and besides a line director of the Union Bank of Switzerland ( UBS Singapore ) . which offers wealth direction. investing banking and plus direction services. Having being exposed to Investment Banking every bit good as Histories Management for old ages. he has brought the administration and his squad to a greater tallness as a director. UBS is a planetary house supplying fiscal services to private. corporate and institutional clients. They are present in all major fiscal Centres in more than 50 states. UBS was voted ‘Best Private Bank’ in Asia based on Asiamoney Private Banking Poll 2012. UBS was besides graded figure one in both Taiwan and China across all three plus classs ranked harmonizing to respondents’ assets under direction. and figure one in Hong Kong and Singapore in two of import client sections. ( Asiamoney Polls. 2012 ) Type of Motivational Methods Used Mr Ong defines his direction manner as holding a Democratic Style of Working whereby he accepts and actively welcomes the feedbacks of his employees. The demands and concerns are being taken into consideration with respects to certain work issues or occupation challenges. He is besides unfastened to different thoughts and suggestions on certain work procedures such that the efficiency of employees will be maximized. He mentioned that communications between higher direction and employees are important in decision-making procedures. Before any determination is being made. he will see the effects and reverberations that may happen at the disbursal of the public assistance of others. Ong mentioned that directors have to get strong human accomplishments to cover with the challenges at work every bit good as inter-personal relationships within the administration. Having good homo accomplishment will enable him to prosecute in certain human interactions with both his employees every bit good as the markets. This includes acquiring employees to be involved in end-of-year end scenes such that there will be a certain sense of belonging among the employees. Besides democratic manner of working. Ong besides uses motive as a signifier of managerial accomplishment to guarantee effectivity and efficiency of work procedures. His motivational methods include pecuniary every bit good as public assistance benefits which are surely necessary for employees to endeavor difficult and set in their best attempt for the company. For illustration. there is ‘Eat-with-your family-day’ . which entitles employees a half-day leave. to advance the significance of household adhering to employees. It will actuate the employees as a whole regardless of the hierarchy. This serves as a wages to mean employees’ attempts and parts. Furthermore. holding been exposed to different working environment in other states such as Hong Kong. Ong realises that there are differences in working and organisational civilizations. Ong mentioned that there is a demand to work out a common consensus on work procedures between the two locations. This will guarantee better work procedures. which enables employees to hold a standardized work flow. This will move as a motive with minimized incompatibility and disagreements. Therefore. employees can entirely concentrate on their occupation Scopess even with the presence of cultural differences. Analysis In the visible radiation of the three interviews that were made with the directors of different organisations. there are surely differences and similarities in their direction manners among them. There are bound to hold difference in working procedures since different organisations possess different civilizations or even aims. However. it is merely logical to presume that most of the organisations would wish to accomplish both efficiency and effectivity as their ultimate purpose. To get down with. all three directors use motive as one of their managerial accomplishments in the administrations. The methods of motive that were mentioned in the interview includes: pecuniary inducements ; squad edifice activities ; communications and engagement in end scenes. 1. Monetary inducements Extrinsic wagess such as money inducements by the higher direction will be given to employees as a signifier of wages for their public presentation. Such wagess act as motive to reenforce employees’ positive attitudes towards work. Most of such extrinsic wagess include fillips. clip off. publicities. wagess and many more. Fiscal wagess are an extrinsic motivation factor. and non-financial inducements represent the intrinsic 1. ( Singh. 2012 ) . Incentives act as a signifier of stimulation for greater action or in acknowledgment of accomplishments. to spur employees to work towards a end. In world. it has been recognized that money does non merely fulfill psychological demands but besides societal demands. Hence. money inducement does increase the efficiency and productiveness of the employees. guaranting a higher degree of end product and capablenesss. 2. Team-building activities As mentioned by Chye. team-building activities were seen to be an of import factor in bettering motive. Team-building activities such as coherence dinners and excursions serve to better the relationship of the employees amongst themselves every bit good as with the directors. When the employees are close with one another. it helps to carry through one of their demands – the demand for adhering. Carry throughing this demand is an of import facet of actuating employees. ( Nohria. Groysberg A ; Lee. 2008 ) When employees are nearer to their director. they will be more likely to give honest feedback sing state of affairss and events in the workplace. which will let directors to hold a more accurate appraisal of any jobs in the administration. so as to better organizational effectivity and efficiency by doing appropriate and intelligent determinations. However. it must be noted that directors should endeavor to do employees organize fond regard to the administration as a whole instead than the divisional group that the employee belongs to. This allows for more flexibleness in organizing undertaking groups and be aftering for employee’s occupation range. as employees may be attached to their closest cohort and found it difficult to suit any new alteration in work environment otherwise. ( Nohria. Groysberg A ; Lee. 2008 ) 3. Communication Communication plays an of import function to guarantee smooth work procedures. maximizing the capablenesss of employees. Particularly for a company with a combination of on-site and practical employees. regular. required communicating between direction and staff—and among peers—is indispensable. ( Zumas. 2012 ) . The different signifiers of communicating all have a common nonsubjective – eliminates barrier and decide jobs. Due to globalization. physical barriers in workplaces are now ineluctable. To extinguish the jobs caused. administrations are to guarantee that there are sufficient and effectual communications nowadays for the employees so as non to impede certain work procedures. For effectual communications to be possible. directors are to guarantee that the communicational tools are up-to-date such that such physical barriers will non impede employees’ work procedures. Therefore. the decrease of such possible communicating jobs originating from physi cal barriers will in turn motivate employees such that they recognize that there are solutions in topographic point for them in times of demand. Another signifier of communicating exists between higher direction such as directors or pull offing managers with the employees. Communications may come in the signifier of feedbacks or even sporadically discussion meetings. The presence of communicating will increase the morale of employees. in which they will experience involved and valued as an employee of the administration. By seting frontward feedbacks. suggestions or thoughts with respects to work procedures. employees will surely experience more engaged in the administration. Furthermore. merely through such active communications will so maximise the potency of administrations to make a greater tallness. Surely. it is apprehensible that merely motivated employees will be willing to prosecute in decision-making procedures. Therefore. by seeking participatory direction where employees’ sentiments and feedbacks are taken into consideration. will surely set up a healthy working environment for both the higher direction every bit good as employees. In the interview with Ong. he besides mentioned communicating is important in decision-making procedures. 4. Goal Puting All 3 directors that we have interviewed mentioned that their administration practises goal-setting on a regular footing. which they feel that is effectual in bettering public presentation. In add-on. end puting besides serves as a manner in which managers’ spells out what they expect from their employee. In the instance of Tan. he believes that a benefit of end scene is that it helps to mensurate an employee’s part to the administration. and he combines this with pecuniary inducement that are given based on their public presentation degree to guarantee optimum efficiency of his employees. Harmonizing to Latham and Locke ( 2006 ) . goal-setting is a discrepancy-creating procedure in which a end creates a constructive dissatisfaction with our current public presentation. which makes us strive harder to work to carry through the sensed difference between current and expected public presentation. In this logic. there exists a additive relationship between the trouble of the end and the resulting occupation public presentation. A hard but come-at-able end leads to a higher occupation public presentation than an easy and general end. ( Latham and Mitchell. 1978 ) Harmonizing to many motivational theories such McClelland’s Need for Achievement and self-actualisation. which is the highest degree of demand in Maslow’s Hierarchy of demand. ambitious ends are important for the development of an person every bit good as his occupation satisfaction and committedness to the administration. ( Fang A ; Kant. 2011 ) In the interview. Chye mentioned that he likes to affect his employees in the goal-setting procedure. as making so allows him to put ambitious but realistic ends as his employees are able to give direct feedback on the trouble and their competence. In theory. doing a determination in a group helps to better effectivity of the administration in footings of scheme and job resolution. This is because group-decision devising helps to cut down opportunities of prejudices. Besides. it promotes diverseness as different sentiments derived from assorted experience and accomplishments are valued. ( Fant A ; Kant. 2011 ) 5. Cross-cultural Managerial Style From the interview. an of import factor we observed that all three directors had mentioned was that there is a noticeable difference in footings of work environment and employees’ behavior between states. As Tan mentioned. he recognize that employees in China must be supervised and driven in order to execute their occupation. and that they require different methods of motive as compared to other states. Similarly. he notes that linguistic communication remains an issue in China even in today’s globalised universe. where the use of English is considered as the norm. In theory. the importance of cultural differences has been noted and as such has been studied extensively. An illustration of such a research would be the Global Leadership and Organisational Behaviour Effectiveness research programme. an international group of research workers analyzing cross-cultural leading in more 60 states. Analyzing cultural differences have many benefits. such as to offer directors singular penetrations into the concern clime of other states. which makes it easier to collaborate with companies from states with differing civilizations. ( Browaeys A ; Price. 2008 ) Discussion From our analysis from the interviews of three different directors. we have noticed similarities and differences with respects to the organizational policies. direction manners and accomplishments. For illustration. Chye’s administration does non rehearse profiling trial while Tan’s administration actively uses this tool to place possible employees that have the accomplishments that the place requires. Such differences may be due to different constructions of the administrations. Chye’s administration. Mediafreaks Pte Ltd. is a little house which employs functional construction to bring forth its life services ( Media-Freaks. com. 2010 ) . Meanwhile. Tan’s administration. Beyonics Technology. have many production sites world-wide that provide advanced contract fabrication services to assorted states. and as such employs a divisional construction. With the big sum of employees needed in such a big administration. it is natural that Tan sees the demand for profiling as a mean to choose employees ( Beyonics. com. 2012 ) . Even though there are differences in policies and methods employed in the two administrations in inquiry. they should non be compared as both have different ends and are in different provinces of enlargement. Another interesting point that we wish to foreground from the consequences of the interview was that the on the job manner of directors varies from administration to administration. Chye’s direction manner is results-oriented. while Tan and Ong’s direction manner leans more towards communicating with employees. Therefore. sing the ends of the company. directors must use suited direction manner to better the work public presentations of their employees. To guarantee that employees put in their best attempt during work. there is a demand to see different attacks to actuate them. In world. there are certain ineluctable challenges and troubles that directors will confront in pull offing. Thus. human accomplishments do play an of import function in guaranting that the directors remain flexible in their direction manner. In order for directors to play the function as a incentive successfully. there is a demand for directors to place the personal qualities that employees possess. To guarantee that this is possible. directors will transport out the profiling trials among employees. An advantage of the profiling trial is to distinguish the different personalities of the employees in order to better apportion the occupation Scopess. This profiling trial will guarantee that the personalities are suited to their allotment of undertakings. As such. there will be minimum clangs and dissensions with respects to occupation procedures. For case. certain employees may possess better organisational accomplishments or even proficient accomplishments. In such instances. employees are able to work harmoniously and it acts as a signifier of motive for other employees of similar occupation Scopess. Such occupation planing attacks does non merely convey about higher productiveness in work. but besides provides employees with the motive to endeavor for better public presentations. As such. this will guarantee higher degree of productiveness and leads to effectiveness and efficiency. We have come to a consensus that motive is so necessary for directors to follow as one of their managerial accomplishments. It is extremely indispensable particularly in today’s on the job universe where alterations are inevitable. Hence. to retain employees. directors are therefore required to add values in footings of their managerial accomplishments such that employees will be willing to exhibit organizational citizenship behavior and accomplish extremum public presentations for the administration. As mentioned. motivated employees play a important function in making a company’s sustainable competitory advantage. To win. companies have to happen ways of fosterage and prolonging intrinsic motive. ( Frey A ; Osterloh. 2001 ) . To guarantee that employees possess motive and the right attitude towards work. directors therefore implement different attacks. harmonizing to single constructions. From the consequence of the interviews. it can be observed that directors differ in the manner they carry out their motive. Most administrations will follow the pecuniary inducement attack and improved communications. Even though there might be different attacks to actuate the employees. the chief aim of the attacks is to reenforce employees’ behaviors and supply acknowledgment for their good public presentations. Due to the different degrees of direction. there are bound to be differences in the attack of pull offing accomplishments. For case. the power of control may differ between front line directors and in-between directors or even top direction. Therefore. the differences will take to restraints in which the directors can change their attacks to convey about better motive. In add-on. the 3 interviewees are besides of different organizational civilizations in footings of their sizes of the companies and the strength of work force. Hence. all these differences may take to a difference in the effectivity of their attacks to convey about motive. For case. as mentioned by Chye. the General Manager of Mediafreaks Pte Ltd has merely 20 employees under his section. which is comparatively small compared to Ong’s section in UBS. As a consequence. there may be certain troubles in implementing attacks to spur motive due to limited resources. Furthermore. pecuniary inducements may non be needfully executable to smaller administrations. In add-on. the differences in organizational civilizations are inevitable in today’s working universe. The aims of each administration may change. and therefore. may ensue in motivational attacks to be deemed uneffective. As mentioned by Ong. there are differences in working civilizations particularly in cross-location administrations where certain attacks in administration may non work for the other. Therefore. there must be a demand to research the assortments of methods in footings of managerial manners. Recommendation Interviewee # 1 Something that Chye mentioned was that he practises merely a few motivational methods. such as pecuniary inducement and forming team-building activities. While these methods are no uncertainty happening success. we feel that it is best to hold more methods. as these two methods merely serve to carry through 2 out of the 5 demands in Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs. We suggest that his administration can implement medical and old-age insurance so that his employees can experience a sense of security. every bit good as organizing undertakings groups to research on market tendencies and work out jobs so that his employees would be challenged on an rational degree. Interviewee # 2 One issue mentioned by Tan was that he frequently feels that he is in a hard place between the top direction and the employee under this attention. We feel that this is mostly due to the deficiency of proper communicating between the different degrees in the organisation. Most employees are afraid of what their foreman might believe or state or if they told them half of what they’re thought ( Wofford. 2012 ) . As such. there is a demand for Tan to better in the communicating within the organisation. We suggest that Tan can seek to organize occasional dinner assemblages. so that the top direction and employees have a opportunity to interact by speaking over repasts. therefore increasing the bonding between persons and giving employees a opportunity to supply feedback to the top direction. Interviewee # 3 One of the challenges faced by Ong is to place the differences in organisational civilizations with respects to cross-location work processes. This is ineluctable particularly in today’s every-changing universe where globalisation revolutionizes working procedures. Even though improved communicating does better ease work procedures. there will still be miscommunications and dissensions. In such instances. possibly the presence of Standard Operating Procedures ( SOP ) will supply a guideline for employees to adhere to. Such SOPs will help employees to break ease their work procedures. Hence. this will guarantee that the productiveness of employees will be maximised. therefore accomplishing efficiency and effectivity. Decision The consequences of the interview have shown that by and large. the 3 directors whom we have interviewed has made used of the different motive theories in pull offing their organisation. However. due to the different demands of the organisation. the direction methods do differ somewhat as the method they used is deemed as a more efficient method in their organisation. The interview with the directors has besides proved that the assorted motive theories work to a certain extent. Furthermore. the differences in organizational constructions surely make a difference in the type of motivational attack which will give rise to different degree of effectivity. In decision. for a director to be successful. he or she should do usage of the assorted motive theories and make little amendments to the theory to guarantee that the direction method suits the organisation as eventually. the chief purpose of a director is still to accomplish organisation ends. Directors will so hold to entree the effectivity and feasiblenesss of the attacks as applied to their administration to guarantee maximal degree of productiveness and therefore. holding a comparative advantage over their rival administration. MentionsBrowaeys. M. . A ; Price. R. ( 2008 ) . Understanding Cross-cultural Management.Pearson Sager. D. J. ( 1979 ) . Leadership and Employee Motivation. Graduate School of Library Science. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Buford. J. A. . Jr. . Bedeian. A. G. . A ; Lindner. J. R. ( 1995 ) . Management in Extension ( 3rd ed. ) . Columbus. Ohio: Ohio State University Extension. Fang. Y. . A ; Kant. K. ( 2011 ) . Fundamentalss of Management: Concept and Principles. Singapore: McGraw Hill Frey. B. S. . A ; Osterloh. M. ( 2001 ) . Successful Management by Motivation – Balancing Intrinsic and Extrinsic Incentives. Swiss Association for Organization and Management Herzberg. F. ( 1968 ) . One More Time: How Do You Motivate Employees? Harvard Business Review. Volume. Volume 46 No. 1. January-February. pp 53–62. Latham. G. P. . A ; Locke. E. A. ( 2006 ) . Enhancing the Benefits and Get the better ofing the Pitfalls of Goal Setting. Organizational Dynamics. Volume 35. No. 4. pp. 332–340. Latham. G. P. . A ; Mitchell. T. R. ( 1978 ) . Importance of Participative Goal Setting and Anticipated Rewards on Goal Difficulty and Job Performance. Journal of Applied Psychology ; Apr78. Vol. 63 Issue 2. p163-171 Lindner. J. R. ( 1998 ) . Understanding Employee Motivation. Journal of Extension ; June 98. Vol. 36. No. 3 Maslow. A. H. ( 1943 ) . A Theory of Human Motivation. Psychological Review. July 1943. 370-396. Nohria. N. . Groysberg. B. . A ; Lee. E. ( 2008 ) . Employee Motivation: A Powerful New Model. Harvard Business Review. Volume 86. No. 7-8. July-August pp 78-84 Rajita. S ( 2012 ) . What Motivates Your Employees? Is Pay the Sole Motivating Factor or make Non-Cash Incentives Drive Engagement? Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //articles. economictimes. indiatimes. com/2012-08-28/news/33450452_1_rewards-employee-effective-motivators Wofford. M. ( 2012 ) . 5 frights Employees Wish They Could Tell Their Bosses. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //linked2leadership. com/2012/02/28/5-fears-employees-wish/ Zumas. G. ( 2012 ) . Motivate Employees Through Better Communication. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. businessmanagementdaily. com/31404/motivate-employees-through-better-communication